ArticleBMC public health2021
Effects of a multi-level intervention on hookah smoking frequency and duration among Iranian adolescents and adults: an application of socio-ecological model.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions to prevent or cease electronic cigarette use in children and adolescents.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Interventions to prevent or cease electronic cigarette use in children and adolescents.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence of hookah smoking among Iranian pupils and university students: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.The clinical respiratory journal · 2022Pooled it
- The effect of an educational program on Hookah smoking among female university students: applying the integrated model of theory of planned behavior and prototype willingness model.BMC medical education · 2025Trial
- Effects of a multi-level intervention on pedestrians' behavior among Iranian health worker supervisors: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in public health · 2025Trial
- [Prevalence and associated factors of shisha consumption among middle school, high school, and university students in Labé in 2022].The Pan African medical journal · 2026Article
- Theoretical Perspectives on Hookah Smoking Behavior: A Scoping Review of Studies Among Young Adults in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Journal of community health · 2025Article
- The Socio-Ecological Enablers of Smoking and Vaping in Rural Young Adults: A Mixed-Methods Study.Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals · 2025Article
- 'In God We Trust': The role of religion in COVID-19 vaccinations in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Journal of public health in Africa · 2025Article
- Parents' knowledge and socio-demographic determinants toward child's restraint system use.BMC pediatrics · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe present study aimed to investigate the effects of a multi-level intervention on hookah smoking frequency and duration among Iranian adolescents and adults.
methodsIn this study, two comparable cities in Iran were selected to participate in an intervention program based on a social-ecological model (SEM). In each city, 133 hookah smokers in coffee houses were selected. Environmental changes in coffee houses such as serving light foods and games were conducted. A virtual group named "no hookah" was established on the Telegram application to train participants in the intervention group. Messages, pictures, and short videos were sent to the participants through that virtual network. The frequency and duration of hookah consumption were assessed in both groups at baseline and after the intervention.
resultsThe frequency of hookah consumption decreased in 72.6% of participants in the intervention group (vs. 6.3% in the control group), and the duration of hookah consumption per session decreased in 39.5% of participants in the intervention group (vs. 5.5% in the control group).
conclusionsUsing multi-level interventions through a social-ecological model can reduce hookah consumption in adults.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.