ReviewPathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2021
A Review of Risk Factors of African Swine Fever Incursion in Pig Farming within the European Union Scenario.
Review in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Literature Review of Variables Associated with the Occurrence of African Swine Fever.Viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- African Swine Fever (ASF): A Study to Identify Risk Factors Associated with the Introduction of the Disease into Pig Farms.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- First Evidence of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus and African Swine Fever Virus Natural Co-Infection in Pigs from Karnataka, India: An Epidemiological Investigation.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Seroprevalence of African Swine Fever Virus and Farm Management Practices in Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- The tip of the iceberg: high-risk contacts for hemorrhagic fevers of swine in the Caribbean.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- African swine fever outbreaks in German pig holdings - experiences, epidemiological considerations and genome sequences.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A spatiotemporal analysis of the spread of African swine fever in Vietnam in 2019.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Decision-making structure and nudges for Japanese pig farmers to implement biosecurity measures against classical swine fever outbreaks.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- African swine fever in Nepal: risk factors, impacts, and strategies for control.Science in One Health · 2026Review
- Experimental comparison of African swine fever virus exposure through contaminated feed and infected pig organ homogenate.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Farm management and breeding-related animal movement associated with African swine fever risk in smallholder pig farms in West Timor, Indonesia.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Transmission Dynamics of Torque Teno Sus Virus 1 (TTSuV1) Between Wild and Farmed Pigs: A Molecular Tool for Monitoring Cross-Population Spillover in Swine.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Field events, clinical findings, and biosecurity breaches in the African swine fever outbreak in Southwest Nigeria (2019-2021).Open veterinary journal · 2025Article
- Attitudes and Beliefs of Wild Boar Hunters in Croatia Towards Preventing and Controlling African Swine Fever.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Veterinarians' perceptions on African swine fever and the control measures in Estonia.Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · 2025Article
- Environmental DNA (eDNA) contamination patterns of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in swine transport vehicles in the Philippines.Veterinarni medicina · 2025Article
- Risk Factors for African Swine Fever in Wild Boar in Russia: Application of Regression for Classification Algorithms.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Mental health impacts of African swine fever outbreaks on veterinarians in the Philippines.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Risk scoring of African swine fever transmission in selected provinces of the Philippines.Journal of veterinary science · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable viral disease of pigs and wild boars that could lead to serious economic losses for the entire European pork industry. As no effective treatment or vaccination is available, disease prevention and control rely on strictly enforced biosecurity measures tailored to the specific risk factors of ASF introduction within domestic pig populations. Here, we present a review addressing the risk factors associated with different European pig farming systems in the context of the actual epidemiological scenario. A list of keywords was combined into a Boolean query, "African swine fever" AND ("Risk factors" OR "Transmission" OR "Spread" OR "Pig farming" OR "Pigs" OR "Wild boars"); was run on 4 databases; and resulted in 52 documents of interest being reviewed. Based on our review, each farming system has its own peculiar risk factors: commercial farms, where best practices are already in place, may suffer from unintentional breaches in biosecurity, while backyard and outdoor farms may suffer from poor ASF awareness, sociocultural factors, and contact with wild boars. In the literature selected for our review, human-related activities and behaviours are presented as the main risks, but we also stress the need to implement biosecurity measures also tailored to risks factors that are specific for the different pig farming practices in the European Union (EU).
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