ReviewPharmaceutics2021
Unlocking the Power of Exosomes for Crossing Biological Barriers in Drug Delivery.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 155 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
155 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Research progress on exosomes in the otology field: a systematic review.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Extracellular vesicles in dry eye disease and Sjögren's syndrome: A systematic review on their diagnostic and therapeutic role.Survey of ophthalmologyPooled it
- Lactoferrin-modified MSC-derived extracellular vesicles facilitate BBB penetration and enhance gastrodin-induced neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease: involvement of mitophagy.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Breaking Biological Barriers: Engineering Nanocarriers for Efficient Drug and Gene Delivery through Nano-Bio Interfaces and Biophysical Design.Applied physics reviews · 2026Article
- Bridging the Lab-to-Clinic Gap in Intranasal Nanomaterial-Based Chemotherapy for Glioblastoma.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- The Potentials of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs in Ferroptosis Modulation: Molecular Insights into Hepatoprotection, Neuroprotection, Cardioprotection, Renoprotection and Pulmonoprotection.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Review
- Prenatal cannabis use is associated with altered miRNA and protein expression in the developing human brain.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Oral microbiota member Neisseria elongata exosomes-Cassia fistula association targets PTEN/AKT/IL10/IL1β/BAX/BCL-2 signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer immunotherapy.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Article
- Exosomes-mediated intercellular communication and their theragnostic potential against cancer and related disorders: a comprehensive review.Biotechnology letters · 2026Review
- Mechanistic Insights into Plant-Derived Exosomes, Their Cross-Kingdom Effects, and Potential Biomedical Applications in Skin Wounds Repair.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Engineering stimuli-responsive extracellular vesicles for enhanced anticancer therapeutics.Current opinion in biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Age-dependent effects of fibroblast-derived exosomes on keratinocyte differentiation.Biogerontology · 2026Article
- Milk-Derived EVs from Different Animal Sources: An Overview on Their Detection, Isolation and Pleiotropic Exerted Effects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Clinical Applications of Extracellular Vesicles: Promises and Pitfalls.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- From bench to bedside: Unveiling the background and benefits of nanovaccines tested in clinics.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Hyaluronidase-enhanced delivery in gene therapy and regenerative medicine for improved vector, cell, and cargo access.Frontiers in drug delivery · 2026Review
- Exosomes in Psoriasis: From Pathogenic Mechanisms to Therapeutic Innovations.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2026Review
- How Effective are Exosomes in Overcoming Blood-Labyrinth Barrier in Sensorineural Hearing Loss? A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Optimal strategies for umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in acute kidney injury: a network meta-analysis in rat models.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
95 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Since the 2013 Nobel Prize was awarded for the discovery of vesicle trafficking, a subgroup of nanovesicles called exosomes has been driving the research field to a new regime for understanding cellular communication. This exosome-dominated traffic control system has increased understanding of many diseases, including cancer metastasis, diabetes, and HIV. In addition to the important diagnostic role, exosomes are particularly attractive for drug delivery, due to their distinctive properties in cellular information transfer and uptake. Compared to viral and non-viral synthetic systems, the natural, cell-derived exosomes exhibit intrinsic payload and bioavailability. Most importantly, exosomes easily cross biological barriers, obstacles that continue to challenge other drug delivery nanoparticle systems. Recent emerging studies have shown numerous critical roles of exosomes in many biological barriers, including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), blood-lymph barrier (BlyB), blood-air barrier (BAB), stromal barrier (SB), blood-labyrinth barrier (BLaB), blood-retinal barrier (BRB), and placental barrier (PB), which opens exciting new possibilities for using exosomes as the delivery platform. However, the systematic reviews summarizing such discoveries are still limited. This review covers state-of-the-art exosome research on crossing several important biological barriers with a focus on the current, accepted models used to explain the mechanisms of barrier crossing, including tight junctions. The potential to design and engineer exosomes to enhance delivery efficacy, leading to future applications in precision medicine and immunotherapy, is discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.