ArticleWorld journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery2021
Radiologic anatomy of the round window relevant to cochlear implantation and inner ear drug delivery.
Article in World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Correlation analysis between CT values of cochlear bone labyrinth and auditory function and disease progression in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Temporal CT Evaluation of the Relationships between Basic Anatomical Structures and the Round Window: Importance for the Cochlear Implant Surgery.Journal of neurological surgery. Part B, Skull base · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
objectiveTo determine anatomic relationships and variation of the round window membrane to bony surgical landmarks on computed tomography. STUDY
designRetrospective imaging review.
methods100 temporal bone images were evaluated. Direct measurements were obtained for membrane position. Vector distances and angulation from umbo and bony annulus were calculated from image viewer software coordinates.
resultsThe angle of round window membrane at junction with cochlear basal turn was (42.1 ± 8.6)°. The membrane's position relative to plane of the facial nerve through facial recess was (14.7 ± 5.2)° posterior from a reference line drawn through facial recess to carotid canal. Regarding transtympanic drug delivery, the round window membrane was directed 4.1 mm superiorly from the inferior annulus and 5.4 mm anteriorly from the posterior annulus. The round window membrane on average was angled superiorly from the inferior annulus (77.1 ± 27.9)° and slightly anteriorly from the posterior annulus (19.1 ± 11.1°). The mean distance of round window membrane from umbo was 4 mm and posteriorly rotated 30° clockwise from a perpendicular drawn from umbo to inferior annulus towards posterior annulus. Together, these measurements approximate the round window membrane in the tympanic membrane's posteroinferior quadrant.
conclusionsThese radiologic measurements demonstrate normal variations seen in round window anatomy relative to facial recess approach and bony tympanic annulus, providing a baseline to assess round window insertion for cochlear implantation and outlines anatomic factors affecting transtympanic drug delivery.
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