ArticleBMC public health2021
Relationships with caregivers and mental health outcomes among adolescents living with HIV: a prospective cohort study in South Africa.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Navigating Through the Caregiving Trajectory: A Qualitative Interview Study on the Challenges Encountered by Primary Caregivers When Caring for Adolescents Living with HIV.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2026Article
- Health-related quality of life and its determinants among children and adolescents living with HIV in Eastern Uganda: a cross-sectional study.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2026Article
- HIV Care Through Their Eyes: Navigating HIV Services and ART Adherence Among Adolescents and Their Caregivers in Lusaka, Zambia.AIDS research and treatment · 2026Article
- Qualitative evaluation of the multilevel influences on mental health and barriers and facilitators to care among Mozambican adolescents with HIV.SSM. Mental health · 2025Article
- A cash transfer plus gender transformative economic empowerment intervention seeking to improve the wellbeing of caregivers of children and adolescents living with HIV in South Africa: a feasibility study protocol for a pilot cluster randomized trial.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2025Article
- Virtual Reality-Based Psychological Intervention for Young Adults Living With HIV: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- The multisystemic roots of South African child and youth resilience: A scoping review.PloS one · 2025Article
- Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents and Young Adults Living With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy: Outcomes From a Cross-Sectional Study in Accra, Ghana.AIDS research and treatment · 2025Article
- Using a cash transfer plus SMS nudge package to improve the wellbeing among caregivers of adolescents living with HIV during the COVID-19 epidemic in South Africa: A pilot randomised controlled trial.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- "We did more than survive": lessons learned from studies of risk and resilience of young people growing up with HIV and mental health needs.AIDS care · 2024Article
- Exploring the experiences of school-going children with HIV in Eswatini: A qualitative inquiry.African journal of primary health care & family medicine · 2024Article
- Identifying Adolescents at Highest Risk of ART Non-adherence, Using the World Health Organization-Endorsed HEADSS and HEADSS+ Checklists.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Associations of formal childcare use with health and human capital development for adolescent mothers and their children in South Africa: A cross-sectional study.Child: care, health and development · 2024Article
- "They test my blood to know how much blood is in my body": the untapped potential of promoting viral load literacy to support adherence and viral suppression among adolescents living with HIV.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Article
- Individual-, Interpersonal- and Institutional-Level Factors Associated with HIV Stigma Among Youth in Kenya.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
- Leave no one behind: integrated sexual and reproductive, mental health and psychosocial programming for not in employment, education or training (NEET) adolescents and youth in sub-Saharan Africa.BMJ global health · 2023Article
- Article
- An economic incentive package to support the wellbeing of caregivers of adolescents living with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa: a feasibility study protocol for a pilot randomised trial.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2023Article
- Economic Well-being and Associated Mediating Pathways to Improved Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among Adolescents Living With HIV: A Prospective Cohort Study in South Africa.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2022Article
- Prevalence of stressful life events and associations with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder among people entering care for HIV in Cameroon.Journal of affective disorders · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMental health problems may impact adherence to anti-retroviral treatment, retention in care, and consequently the survival of adolescents living with HIV. The adolescent-caregiver relationship is an important potential source of resilience. However, there is a lack of longitudinal research in sub-Saharan Africa on which aspects of adolescent-caregiver relationships can promote mental health among adolescents living with HIV. We draw on a prospective longitudinal cohort study undertaken in South Africa to address this question.
methodsThe study traced adolescents aged 10-19 initiated on antiretroviral treatment in government health facilities (n = 53) within a health district of the Eastern Cape province. The adolescents completed standardised questionnaires during three data collection waves between 2014 and 2018. We used within-between multilevel regressions to examine the links between three aspects of adolescent-caregiver relationships (caregiver supervision, positive caregiving, and adolescent-caregiver communication) and adolescent mental health (depression symptoms and anxiety symptoms), controlling for potential confounders (age, sex, rural/urban residence, mode of infection, household resources), n=926 adolescents.
resultsImprovements in caregiver supervision were associated with reductions in anxiety (0.98, 95% CI 0.97-0.99, p=0.0002) but not depression symptoms (0.99, 95% CI 0.98-1.00, p=.151), while changes in positive caregiving were not associated with changes in mental health symptoms reported by adolescents. Improvements in adolescent-caregiver communication over time were associated with reductions in both depression (IRR=0.94, 95% CI 0.92-0.97, p<.0001) and anxiety (0.91, 95% CI 0.89-0.94, p<.0001) symptoms reported by adolescents.
conclusionsFindings highlight open and supportive adolescent-caregiver communication and good caregiver supervision as potential factors for guarding against mental health problems among adolescents living with HIV in South Africa. Several evidence-informed parenting programmes aim to improve adolescent-caregiver communication and caregiver supervision, and their effect on depression and anxiety among adolescents living with HIV should be rigorously tested in sub-Saharan Africa. How to improve communication in other settings, such as schools and clinics, and provide communication support for caregivers, adolescents, and service providers through these existing services should also be considered.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.