ArticleCancer causes & control : CCC2021
Reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer in black South African women.
Article in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Scoping Review.International journal of breast cancer · 2026Review
- Occupation and Female Breast Cancer Mortality in South Africa: A Case-Control Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Reclassifying Menopausal Breast Cancer and Assessing Non-Genetic Risk Factors in Ghanaian Women: Insights from a Cohort Study.Cancers · 2025Article
- Breast Cancer Incidence Rates in Ghanaian and US Black Women From 2013 Through 2015.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Risk factors for breast cancer among women in Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, Gauteng province of South Africa, 2017‒2020: a case-control study.Ecancermedicalscience · 2023Article
- Dietary Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk in Black Urban South African Women: The SABC Study.Nutrients · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeBreast cancer (BC) is increasing in black South African women, but few studies have investigated its risk factors.
methodsWe conducted an analysis of reproductive factors and BC risk in the South African Breast Cancer (SABC) study-a population-based case-control study of black South African women from Soweto that included 399 cases and 399 matched controls. Information on lifestyle and reproductive history was obtained by interviews. Conditional logistic regression was used to determine the association of reproductive factors with BC, adjusting for potential confounding factors.
resultsSeventy-five percent of all BC cases were ER+, 66% PR+, 30% HER2+, and 16% TN. None of the reproductive variables were associated with BC overall or by subtype in the overall population, nor in pre- (n = 135 cases) or in post-menopausal women separately. In HIV-negative pre-menopausal women (n = 97 cases), later age at first pregnancy and longer time between menarche and first full-time pregnancy were inversely related to BC risk (OR 0.89 (95% CI 0.82-0.97; and 0.93 95% CI 0.86-1.01, respectively).
conclusionIn this population of black South African women, reproductive factors were not associated with BC risk.
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