ReviewClinical and experimental gastroenterology2021
Adverse Gastrointestinal Effects with Kayexalate or Kalimate: A Comprehensive Review.
Review in Clinical and experimental gastroenterology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Histopathological lesions of the gastrointestinal tract associated with the use of polystyrene sulfonate and sevelamer: a meta-analysis.Pathologica · 2024Pooled it
- Malignancy-mimicking Kayexalate-associated extraintestinal mass and literature review.Clinical journal of gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Cross-national pharmacovigilance of drug-induced intestinal obstruction: disproportionality signals in FAERS and external validation in JADER.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Pelvic inflammatory pseudotumor with calcium polystyrene sulfonate crystal deposition in a kidney transplant recipient.CEN case reports · 2025Article
- [Kalimate-Associated Gastric Ulcer].The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research · 2024Article
- Hyperkalemia in CKD: an overview of available therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- Unveiling the Hazards: A Case Report on Kayexalate-induced Colonic Necrosis.Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPatients with hyperkalemia are commonly treated with Kayexalate or Kalimate. Both drugs are associated with some fatal gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs).
aimTo assess the clinical characteristics and outcomes of GI AEs induced by Kayexalate or Kalimate from published case reports.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review of case reports of Kayexalate or Kalimate-induced GI AEs, from PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, Clinical Key, and Google Scholar databases (1948 to March 31, 2020). We analyzed the clinical characteristics, GI AEs, and risk factors of enrolled patients.
resultsWe identified 41 published articles describing 135 cases of GI AEs induced by Kayexalate (103 cases) or Kalimate (32 cases). The mean age of all patients was 55.5 years. Most patients were male (54.8%). As high as 55.6% preparations were administered with sorbitol whereas 44.4% preparations had no sorbitol. The average time causing GI AEs was 19.8 days. Colon was the most commonly affected site (76.3%). Drug crystals were histopathologically proven in 95.5% of the patients. Meanwhile, mortality was reported in 20.7%.
conclusionKayexalate or Kalimate, without or with sorbitol combination, may be related to fatal GI damage. Uremia, hypertension, and transplantation are predisposing factors. Clinicians should be careful in prescribing Kayexalate or Kalimate to patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.