Observational studyPediatric research2021
Cannabis use and measurement of cannabinoids in plasma and breast milk of breastfeeding mothers.
Observational study in Pediatric research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cannabidiol and ΔToxicology · 2026Article
- Clinical Health Messaging for Perinatal Cannabis Use: Perspectives From Postpartum Individuals With Use During Early Pregnancy.Substance use & addiction journal · 2026Article
- Medical Cannabis During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Is the Concern Fully Evidence-Based?Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Perceptions and behaviours surrounding cannabis use during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and early parenting in Canada: a qualitative study.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- In Silico Models Using Simple Molecular Descriptors Predict Placental and Breast Milk Transfer of Cannabinoids fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The changing landscape of cannabis use: impact on maternal health and neonatal outcomes.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Breast milk Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in cannabis users during the postpartum period: correlation between breast milk, maternal urine and saliva samples during early lactation.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Association of Preconception and Prenatal Cannabis Use With Breastfeeding.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Sex-specific disruptions in the developmental trajectory of anxiety-like behaviors due to prenatal cannabidiol exposure.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- The Impact of Substance Use Disorder and Drug Transfer into Breast Milk: Implications for Maternal and Infant Health.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Recreational drugs repurposed for medicinal use-cannabis.CNS spectrums · 2025Review
- Transporters and drug secretion into human breast milk.Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology · 2025Review
- Cannabinoids for treating psychiatric disorders in youth: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2024Review
- Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Lactation.Cureus · 2024Review
- Prenatal broad-spectrum cannabidiol administration prevents an autism-like phenotype in male offspring from a maternal stress/terbutaline rat model.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Article
- Human Milk Cannabinoid Concentrations and Associations with Maternal Factors: The Lactation and Cannabis (LAC) Study.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2024Article
- Perinatal Tetrahydrocannabinol Compromises Maternal Care and Increases Litter Attrition in the Long-Evans Rat.Toxics · 2024Article
- Intentions to Use Cannabis Postpartum: A Qualitative Study of Pregnant Individuals Who Used Cannabis During Early Pregnancy.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2024Article
- A Descriptive Analysis of a Popular Pregnancy Forum: Comments on the Developmental Consequences of Cannabis Use on Offspring.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInformation on cannabinoids in breast milk and maternal cannabis use is limited. We quantified cannabinoids in plasma and breast milk of breastfeeding mothers and assessed cannabis use patterns.
methodsThis is a prospective study at a university hospital in a state with legal medical and recreational cannabis. Breast milk and plasma samples along with survey data were collected from volunteers using cannabis in the last 48 h at 2 weeks and 2 months postpartum.
resultsTwenty subjects were enrolled. Median age (IQR) was 27 (24-34) years. Median (IQR) instances of cannabis use in the last 7 days were visit 1: 17 (6-29) and visit 2: 23 (15-45). Median (IQR) tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations were: plasma 3.7 ng/ml (0.8-56.8) and breast milk 27.5 ng/ml (0.8-190.5). Median (IQR) cannabidiol (CBD) concentrations were: plasma 0.6 ng/ml (0.5-6.4) and breast milk 1.2 ng/ml (0.5-17.0). Median (IQR) THC M/P: 7.0 (1.8-34.6) and CBD M/P: 2.6. Median breast milk THC concentration increased from visit 1 to visit 2 by 30.2 ng/ml (95% CI 3.05-69.3 ng/ml).
conclusionsTHC and CBD accumulate in breast milk. Breastfeeding mothers used cannabis frequently and increased use in the early postpartum period. Research on the effects of infant exposure to cannabinoids in breast milk is urgently needed. IMPACT: Cannabis use is increasing in the general population and many nursing mothers use cannabis. THC has been previously detected in breast milk but little is known on how it concentrates relative to plasma. Data on cannabinoids other than THC, reasons for cannabis use, and patterns of use in breastfeeding women are also limited. We detected THC and CBD in breast milk. Both concentrate in breast milk relative to plasma. We showed that breastfeeding mothers increased cannabis use in the weeks after childbirth. Further research is needed to evaluate infant exposure to cannabinoids via breast milk and effects on infant health.
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Registered trials
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