Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33469163›Full record

ArticleCommunications biology2021

Horseshoe crab genomes reveal the evolution of genes and microRNAs after three rounds of whole genome duplication.

Wenyan Nong, Zhe Qu, Yiqian Li, Tom Barton-Owen, Annette Y P Wong, Ho Yin Yip, Hoi Ting Lee, Satya Narayana, Tobias Baril, Thomas Swale and 16 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Communications biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
28citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

28 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Evolutionary dynamics of the arthropod molting machinery.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026
    Review
  4. ParaHox Genes Revisited: From Gut Patterning to Integrated Axial and Neural Organization in Rotifera.Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Gene and Genome Duplication in Spiders.Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution · 2025
    Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Common misconceptions of speciation.Evolutionary journal of the Linnean Society · 2024
    Review
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

26 authors.

Wenyan Nong *School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.ORCID 0000-0002-3277-716X
Zhe Qu *School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Yiqian Li *School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Tom Barton-Owen *School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Annette Y P Wong *School of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Ho Yin YipSchool of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Hoi Ting LeeSchool of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Satya NarayanaSchool of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Tobias BarilCentre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-5936-7531
Thomas SwaleDovetail Genomics, Scotts Valley, CA, USA.
Jianquan CaoSchool of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.ORCID 0000-0001-9395-0387
Ting Fung ChanState Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.ORCID 0000-0002-0489-3884
Hoi Shan KwanSchool of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Sai Ming NgaiState Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Gianni PanagiotouSchool of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.ORCID 0000-0001-9393-124X
Pei-Yuan QianDepartment of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.ORCID 0000-0003-4074-9078
Jian-Wen QiuDepartment of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.ORCID 0000-0002-1541-9627
Kevin Y YipDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.ORCID 0000-0001-5516-9944
Noraznawati IsmailInstitute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
Siddhartha PatiDepartment of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India.ORCID 0000-0002-8276-0008
Akbar JohnInstitute of Oceanography and Maritime Studies (INOCEM), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University, Kuantan, Malaysia.ORCID 0000-0001-8111-6926
Stephen S TobeDepartment of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-5554-0966
William G BendenaDepartment of Biology, Queen's University, Toronto, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-3874-4681
Siu Gin CheungDepartment of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Alexander HaywardCentre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-7413-718X
Jerome H L HuiSchool of Life Sciences, Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. jeromehui@cuhk.edu.hk.ORCID 0000-0003-1355-8495

Funding

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/M009122/1Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council BB/N020146/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Whole genome duplication (WGD) has occurred in relatively few sexually reproducing invertebrates. Consequently, the WGD that occurred in the common ancestor of horseshoe crabs ~135 million years ago provides a rare opportunity to decipher the evolutionary consequences of a duplicated invertebrate genome. Here, we present a high-quality genome assembly for the mangrove horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (1.7 Gb, N50 = 90.2 Mb, with 89.8% sequences anchored to 16 pseudomolecules, 2n = 32), and a resequenced genome of the tri-spine horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus (1.7 Gb, N50 = 109.7 Mb). Analyses of gene families, microRNAs, and synteny show that horseshoe crabs have undergone three rounds (3R) of WGD. Comparison of C. rotundicauda and T. tridentatus genomes from populations from several geographic locations further elucidates the diverse fates of both coding and noncoding genes. Together, the present study represents a cornerstone for improving our understanding of invertebrate WGD events on the evolutionary fates of genes and microRNAs, at both the individual and population level. We also provide improved genomic resources for horseshoe crabs, of applied value for breeding programs and conservation of this fascinating and unusual invertebrate lineage.

Indexed as

AnimalsEvolution, MolecularGene DuplicationGenomeGenomicsHorseshoe CrabsMicroRNAsPhylogenyMicroRNAs

Identifiers

PMID33469163
PMCPMC7815833

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.