ReviewJournal for immunotherapy of cancer2021
Rethinking immune checkpoint blockade: 'Beyond the T cell'.
Review in Journal for immunotherapy of cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
- Monocyte-related markers as predictors of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy and immune-related adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Polygenic risk score for ulcerative colitis predicts immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated colitis.Nature communications · 2024Pooled it
- Immunochemotherapy response and its association with gut microbiota and immune profiles in advanced gastric cancer.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Article
- Leveraging Microphysiological Systems to Facilitate Neutrophil-Based Cancer Immunotherapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- cGAMP suppresses FTO expression to promote mCellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Article
- The Application of PD-1 Inhibitors in Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Review
- Current Status and Future Prospects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Research in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Review
- Liposomal Doxorubicin Induces PD-L1-High Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Sensitizes Triple-Negative Breast Cancer to PD-L1 Blockade.Oncology research · 2026Article
- From tumor immunotherapy to myocardial injury: A mechanistic discussion of immune checkpoint inhibitor‑related myocarditis (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Emerging photothermal agents combined with immunotherapy for cancer treatment.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Germline prediction of immune checkpoint inhibitor discontinuation for immune-related adverse events.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Endothelial OX40 activation facilitates tumor cell escape from T cell surveillance through S1P/YAP-mediated angiogenesis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Nanomaterials evoke pyroptosis boosting cancer immunotherapy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- Circulating immune biomarkers correlating with response in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma on immunotherapy.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Expanding horizons of cancer immunotherapy: hopes and hurdles.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Targeting myeloid cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: from primary tumors to liver metastasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Immune inhibitory receptor agonist therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Limitations and potential strategies of immune checkpoint blockade in age-related neurodegenerative disorders.The journal of physiological sciences : JPS · 2024Review
- Bioinformatics analysis and identification of cuproptosis-related long non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Article
- Antigen presenting cells in cancer immunity and mediation of immune checkpoint blockade.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2024Review
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors has highlighted the central role of the immune system in cancer control. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can reinvigorate anti-cancer immunity and are now the standard of care in a number of malignancies. However, research on immune checkpoint blockade has largely been framed with the central dogma that checkpoint therapies intrinsically target the T cell, triggering the tumoricidal potential of the adaptive immune system. Although T cells undoubtedly remain a critical piece of the story, mounting evidence, reviewed herein, indicates that much of the efficacy of checkpoint therapies may be attributable to the innate immune system. Emerging research suggests that T cell-directed checkpoint antibodies such as anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) can impact innate immunity by both direct and indirect pathways, which may ultimately shape clinical efficacy. However, the mechanisms and impacts of these activities have yet to be fully elucidated, and checkpoint therapies have potentially beneficial and detrimental effects on innate antitumor immunity. Further research into the role of innate subsets during checkpoint blockade may be critical for developing combination therapies to help overcome checkpoint resistance. The potential of checkpoint therapies to amplify innate antitumor immunity represents a promising new field that can be translated into innovative immunotherapies for patients fighting refractory malignancies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.