ArticleBMC public health2021
Determinants and effects or consequences of internal HIV-related stigma among people living with HIV in Morocco.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- HIV-related stigma and associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence and correlates of internalized stigma among adults with HIV and major depressive disorder in rural Malawi.AIDS care · 2023Trial
- Navigating Through the Caregiving Trajectory: A Qualitative Interview Study on the Challenges Encountered by Primary Caregivers When Caring for Adolescents Living with HIV.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2026Article
- Phylogenetic Evidence of Local HIV-1 Transmission and Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in the Middle East and North Africa.Viruses · 2026Article
- Stigma as a barrier to HIV care: a single center study in Egypt.AIDS research and therapy · 2026Article
- HIV/AIDS among migrants in Morocco: a cross-sectional biobehavioral study.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Interventions for stigma reduction in HIV treatment and prevention designed to enhance antiretroviral uptake and adherence: A systematic review.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Perception and experience of HIV-induced stigma among people with HIV seeking healthcare in Ghana.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Capturing the HIV-related social exclusion practices experienced by key populations through photovoice: an interpretative phenomenological study.Reproductive health · 2024Article
- Article
- Quality of Life of People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study in Monastir, Tunisia.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Article
- Fear of stigma from health professionals and family/neighbours and healthcare avoidance among PLHIV in Morocco: results from the Stigma Index survey Morocco.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors Associated with Knowledge and Attitude of HIV/AIDS among Women Aged 15-49 Years Old in Indonesia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Men's late presentation for HIV care in Eastern Uganda: The role of masculinity norms.PloS one · 2022Article
- Healthcare needs of people living with human immunodeficiency virus: A qualitative descriptive study.Nursing open · 2022Article
- Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Assessment of an Arabic Version of the Health Care Provider HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale.Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS CareArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHIV-related stigma and discrimination constitute a barrier to different intervention programs. Unlike external stigma, internal stigma is not well explored in in the Middle East and North African countries, while grasping this particular form of stigma is essential to limit its effects. The present study aims to measure internal stigma effects and to identify factors associated with this kind of stigma not yet documented among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Morocco.
methodsThe PLHIV Stigma Index questionnaire (adapted and translated into French and Moroccan Arabic dialect "darija") was used to collect information regarding the stigma and discrimination experienced by PLHIV across 8 cities in Morocco (September-October 2016). A randomly drawn cluster of 10 PLHIV, consisting of 5 men and 5 women, was drawn at each participating medical care center to achieve a nationally representative sample of PLHIV. Fifteen interviewers living with HIV and five supervisors were selected and trained to administer the questionnaire. An internal stigma score (range: 0-7), was calculated based on seven negative feelings/ beliefs. Negative binomial regression was used to identify characteristics associated with the internal stigma score.
resultsAmong 626 PLHIV, internal stigma was reported by 88.2%. The median [IQR] internal stigma score was 4 [2-5]. Regarding internal stigma, 51% avoided going to the local clinic when needed and 44% chose not to attend social gatherings. Belonging to at least one key population (aIRR [95%CI] = 1.15 [1.03; 1.28]), experiencing discriminatory reactions from family following HIV status disclosure (1.28 [1.11; 1.49]), avoiding HIV services for fear of stigmatization by staff (1.16 [1.05; 1.28]) and being denied health services because of HIV status (1.16 [1.03;1.32]), are among the factors significantly associated with an increase of the internal stigma score.
conclusionsInternal stigma is high among Moroccan PLHIV and significantly impacting their life decisions and their healthcare access. Multi-level interventions are needed to address internal stigma experienced by PLHIV in Morocco.
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