ReviewPharmaceutics2021
Ocular Drug Delivery to the Retina: Current Innovations and Future Perspectives.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Topical Treatment for Retinal Degenerative Pathologies: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Beyond the Barrier: Overcoming Ocular Antimicrobial Resistance Through AI and Novel Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Critical Evaluation of Key Elements in Manufacturing Procedures and Testing Methodologies for Ocular Anti-Infective Thin Film Inserts.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Hydrogel-encapsulated antioxidant nanotherapeutics against age-related macular degeneration (AMD) oxidative damage.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Model-Based Design of Sustained-Release Formulations of Anti-TNF-α Monoclonal Antibodies for Intravitreal Administration.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Quadrant-Specific Pain in Intravitreal Injection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Review
- Intravitreal injection delivered volume under different environmental and training conditions.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Review
- Special Issue: Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment of Retinal Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Nanotherapeutic potential in glaucoma associated ocular cancers.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Silencing of lncRNA HOTAIR Using Eyedrops as a Potential Treatment for Diabetes-Associated Retinal Dysregulation and Dysfunction.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Nanotechnology-Driven Strategies for Diagnosis and Therapy of Ocular Diseases.Current drug delivery · 2026Review
- Targeting Ocular Tissue through Surface-Modified and Multifunctional Biomaterials and mRNA-Based Therapeutics.Current pharmaceutical design · 2026Review
- Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) as a carrier in a topical ocular delivery system for the treatment of ocular diseases.PloS one · 2026Article
- The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in age-related macular degeneration: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Sustained suppression of choroidal neovascularization by intraocularly stable tetrahedral network encapsulated miR-22-3p.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Study on the Nephrotoxicity Following Intravitreal Administration of the Antifungal Agents Voriconazole and Micafungin in New Zealand White Rabbits.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Progress in Hyaluronan-Based Nanoencapsulation Systems for Smart Drug Release and Medical Applications.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Innovative triamcinolone acetonide microsuspension for Non-Invasive ocular management of inflammation.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2025Article
- Nanovesicular ultra-deformable transferosomes and transgelosomes for ocular drug delivery.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2025Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Treatment options for retinal diseases, such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vascular disorders, have markedly expanded following the development of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor intravitreal injection methods. However, because intravitreal treatment requires monthly or bimonthly repeat injections to achieve optimal efficacy, recent investigations have focused on extended drug delivery systems to lengthen the treatment intervals in the long term. Dose escalation and increasing molecular weight of drugs, intravitreal implants and nanoparticles, hydrogels, combined systems, and port delivery systems are presently under preclinical and clinical investigations. In addition, less invasive techniques rather than intravitreal administration routes, such as topical, subconjunctival, suprachoroidal, subretinal, and trans-scleral, have been evaluated to reduce the treatment burden. Despite the latest advancements in the field of ophthalmic pharmacology, enhancing drug efficacy with high ocular bioavailability while avoiding systemic and local adverse effects is quite challenging. Consequently, despite the performance of numerous in vitro studies, only a few techniques have translated to clinical trials. This review discusses the recent developments in ocular drug delivery to the retina, the pharmacokinetics of intravitreal drugs, efforts to extend drug efficacy in the intraocular space, minimally invasive techniques for drug delivery to the retina, and future perspectives in this field.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.