ReviewToxins2021
Botulinum Toxin: An Update on Pharmacology and Newer Products in Development.
Review in Toxins, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06788158 (Clinical Effects of the Intralesional Application of Incobotulinum Toxin vs Corticosteroid in Patients With Plantar Fascitis), which is not on this map. Cited by 77 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Clinical Effects of the Intralesional Application of Incobotulinum Toxin vs Corticosteroid in Patients With Plantar Fascitis
Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Current Strategies in the Development of Nanoformulations to Enhance the Stability of Botox: A Systematic Review.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Is there a role for botulinum toxin A in the emergency setting for delayed abdominal wall closure in the management of the open abdomen? A systematic review.Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England · 2023Pooled it
- Cell-Free Blood Cell Secretome (BCS) Counteracts Skin Aging: Multi-Center Prospective Regenerative Aesthetic Medicine Study Using Exokine®.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2022Trial
- Botulinum Toxin A Myths, Evidence, and Global Media Narratives.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Review
- Ultrasound-Guided Alcohol Neurolysis for Poststroke Upper Limb Spasticity to Facilitate Arteriovenous Fistula Creation in Hemodialysis: A Case Report.Archives of rehabilitation research and clinical translation · 2026Article
- Botulinum toxin a combined with penile traction therapy for the treatment of penile retraction: a retrospective single-arm pilot study.International journal of impotence research · 2026Article
- Mitophagy in Botulinum Toxin Type A-Induced Muscle Atrophy.Oral diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical and early biochemical responses to botulinum toxin type-A in refractory masticatory myofascial pain: a pilot single-arm study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Engineering Immune Cell to Counteract Aging and Aging-Associated Diseases.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Article
- Botulinum Toxin Effects and Its Association with Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Efficacy and Safety of Novel Botulinum Toxin Type A (Protoxin) in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Glabellar Lines: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Phase III Study.Annals of dermatology · 2026Article
- Sustained anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of botulinum toxin A in blepharospasm patients beyond motor symptom control.World journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- Anatomical Mapping of the Masseter for Safe Botulinum Toxin Injection: A Cadaveric Study.BioMed research international · 2026Article
- Investigating the dual nature ofLe infezioni in medicina · 2026Review
- Rare Localized Adverse Reaction to Botulinum Toxin Type A in a Patient Without Allergic History: A Case Report.Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum · 2026Article
- Probing the properties of PTEN specific botulinum toxin type E mutants.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Article
- Advances and future directions in endoscopic bariatric therapies.World journal of gastrointestinal endoscopy · 2025Review
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since its introduction as a treatment for strabismus, botulinum toxin (BoNT) has had a phenomenal journey and is now recommended as first-line treatment for focal dystonia, despite short-term clinical benefits and the risks of adverse effects. To cater for the high demand across various medical specialties, at least six US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved formulations of BoNT are currently available for diverse labelled indications. The toxo-pharmacological properties of these formulations are not uniform and thus should not be used interchangeably. Synthetic BoNTs and BoNTs from non-clostridial sources are not far from clinical use. Moreover, the study of mutations in naturally occurring toxins has led to modulation in the toxo-pharmacokinetic properties of BoNTs, including the duration and potency. We present an overview of the toxo-pharmacology of conventional and novel BoNT preparations, including those awaiting imminent translation from the laboratory to the clinic.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.