ReviewOpen biology2021
Hallmarks of cancer-the new testament.
Review in Open biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 132 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
132 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Chronic Infections as Catalysts for Melanoma Aggressiveness: Insights into Tumour Microenvironment Modulation.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2025Pooled it
- Systemic Alterations of Cancer Cells and Their Boost by Polyploidization: Unicellular Attractor (UCA) Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- A Phase II Trial of Perioperative Oral Itraconazole for the Management of Low-Risk Basal Cell Carcinoma.Experimental dermatology · 2026Trial
- Targeted Strategies for Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: Exploring the Use of Aptamers and Gold Nanoparticles.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Aging Microenvironment Shapes Angiogenic Remodeling in IBD-Associated Colorectal Carcinogenesis.Aging cell · 2026Review
- Cellular Origins and Context-Dependent Prognostic Effects of Lactate Metabolism Genes Reveal Novel Molecular Subtypes in Gastric Cancer.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Targeted Apoptosis Induction in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Goniothalamus umbrosus: A Pathway Through Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase 3.European journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Review
- Review
- Optogenetics for Investigating and Targeting Hallmark Traits of Cancer.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Differences in the expression profiles of m6A-related genes and the prognostic role in immunotherapy for lung adenocarcinoma patients.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- State of the Art of IDH Inhibitors: Emerging Questions and Perspectives.Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Lack of caspase 8 directs neuronal progenitor-like reprogramming and small cell lung cancer progression.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCC): short-term return to multicellularity.Biological research · 2025Article
- Integrated spatial transcriptome and metabolism study reveals metabolic heterogeneity in human bladder cancer.Cancer gene therapy · 2025Article
- Aberrant PJA2-CHRM3 signaling creates a therapeutic vulnerability in gastric tumor.British journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Epigenetic synthetic lethality as a cancer therapeutic strategy: synergy of experimental and computational approaches.Epigenomics · 2025Review
- NUP214 in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.Cells · 2025Review
- The biological roles and molecular mechanisms of m6A reader IGF2BP1 in the hallmarks of cancer.Genes & diseases · 2025Review
- A mitochondrial-related gene signature predicts prognosis and immunotherapy response in hepatocellular carcinoma.Scientific reports · 2025Article
72 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Diagnosis and treatment of disease demand a sound understanding of the underlying mechanisms, determining any Achilles' heel that can be targeted in effective therapies. Throughout history, this endeavour to decipher the origin and mechanism of transformation of a normal cell into cancer has led to various theories-from cancer as a curse to an understanding at the level of single-cell heterogeneity, meaning even among a single sub-type of cancer there are myriad molecular challenges to overcome. With increasing insight into cancer genetics and biology, the disease has become ever more complex to understand. The complexity of cancer as a disease was distilled into key traits by Hanahan and Weinberg in their seminal 'Hallmarks of Cancer' reviews. This lucid conceptualization of complex cancer biology is widely accepted and has helped advance cancer therapeutics by targeting the various hallmarks but, with the advancement in technologies, there is greater granularity in how we view cancer as a disease, and the additional understanding over the past decade requires us to revisit the hallmarks of cancer. Based on extensive study of the cancer research literature, we propose four novel hallmarks of cancer, namely, the ability of cells to regress from a specific specialized functional state, epigenetic changes that can affect gene expression, the role of microorganisms and neuronal signalling, to be included in the hallmark conceptualization along with evidence of various means to exploit them therapeutically.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.