ArticleNeuropsychopharmacology reports2021
Possible utilization of salivary IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio as a marker of chronic stress in healthy individuals.
Article in Neuropsychopharmacology reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Niche-specific immune and microbial signatures across the healthy upper respiratory tract mucosa.iScience · 2026Article
- Salivary and serum biomarkers profile of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and temporomandibular disorders.Clinical rheumatology · 2025Article
- Stress and sleep deprivation-related biomarkers in saliva in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.PloS one · 2024Observational
- Article
- Salivary signatures of oral-brain communication in sleep bruxers.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Possible utilization of salivary IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio as a marker of chronic stress in healthy individuals.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionSeveral studies show that psychological stress reduces Th1/Th2 ratio in blood samples. However, evidence is scarce regarding the cytokine alterations during stress in saliva. We investigated the influence of chronic stress on Th1/Th2 ratio and cytokine profiles in the saliva of healthy individuals. Further, we examined the associations of the salivary cytokine levels with sleep and attention problems, which are closely related with psychological stress.
methodsSalivary levels of 27 cytokines were measured by multiplex bead array assays in 31 healthy young individuals (health science students and hospital staff consisting of 11 men and 20 women, mean age [standard deviation] =21.5 [0.8] years). The Kessler Psychological Distress scale (K10) and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) were administered to assess subjective chronic psychological stress and sleep problems. Further, participants were asked to wear Actigraph GT3X accelerometers for 3 days to assess the total sleep time. Attention problems were assessed by administering the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA-CPT).
resultsThirteen cytokines with >80% detectable results were included in the main analyses. The IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio, which is a commonly used index for Th1/Th2 ratio, showed significant negative correlations with the K10 and AIS scores. None of the cytokines were significantly associated with sex, body mass index, sleep index measured by Actigraph, or IVA-CPT scores.
conclusionChronic stress may be associated with alterations of the Th1/Th2 balance in salivary cytokine production. IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio in saliva may serve as a potential biomarker of chronic stress in healthy individuals.
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