ArticlePloS one2021
Availability and factors influencing community level handwashing facility in Ethiopia: Implication for prevention of infectious diseases.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Limited handwashing facility and associated factors in sub-Saharan Africa: pooled prevalence and multilevel analysis of 29 sub-Saharan Africa countries from demographic health survey data.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) analysis of Amansea and Ugwuoba livestock market settlements and bacteriological quality investigation of drinking water sources at Amansea, Nigeria.African health sciences · 2025Article
- Machine learning-based prediction of household sanitation facility access in Sub-Saharan Africa: insights from DHS data (2012-2024).Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- From parental education to under-5 mortality: how antenatal care and hand hygiene mediate the pathway mechanisms.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Open defecation free status and its determinants in rural Uganda: a cross-sectional survey.BMC public health · 2025Article
- A multilevel analysis of basic water availability in Ethiopia using 2016 demographic health survey.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Determinants of access to basic handwashing facilities and handwashing with soap in low-income areas of four Kenyan cities.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Women of Reproductive Age in Nigeria in 2018.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Article
- Suboptimal child healthcare practices and the development of multiple infectious diseases in children aged 24-59 months.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Water and Handwashing in a Drought-Prone Region of Southern Niger: How Environment, Household Infrastructure, and Exposure to Social and Behavior Change Messages Interact.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of acute diarrheal disease and pneumonia among under 5 children in Ethiopia- A database study.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Access to Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hand Hygiene Facilities in the Peri-Urban and Informal Settlements of Hosanna Town, Southern Ethiopia.Environmental health insights · 2023Article
- Contextual and psychological factors influencing open defecation free status: an exploratory qualitative study in rural South Western Uganda.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Handwashing Practice and Its Predictors Among Mothers of Children Aged 0 to 23 Months in South Ethiopia: Community Based Cross-Sectional Study.Environmental health insights · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHandwashing is one of the most effective ways to prevent transmission of infectious diseases. A substantial body of research has examined the status and determinants of handwashing facilities in healthcare settings and schools. However, its status at home in the community, especially in developing countries, remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the availability and factors influencing basic handwashing facilities at households in Ethiopia.
methodWe analysed the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. EDHS employed a two-stage stratified cluster sampling technique. Data were collected from the lowest administrative unit (kebele). A multivariable logistic regression model that allowed cluster-level random effects was employed to examine factors that affect the availability of basic handwashing facilities (water plus soap) at households. Estimates from the regression model are reported as odds ratios (ORs) with standard errors clustered at the DHS cluster level to account for a sampling methodology.
resultsIn our sample, only 1292 (8% [95% CI, 7.6%-8.4%]) of the households had basic handwashing facilities. Compared with head of household who had no formal education, the odds of having basic handwashing facilities was higher among head of household who completed secondary level of education (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.35-2.49) and higher level of education (AOR = 2.35; 95% CI: 1.63-3.39). Odds of having basic handwashing facilities was increased with having radio (AOR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.10-1.63) and television (AOR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.10-2.02) at home. Households that had improved latrine were two times more likely to have basic handwashing facilities (AOR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.56-2.80). Being at higher household wealth quintiles was associated with increased odds of having basic handwashing facilities.
conclusionVery low basic handwashing facilities was demonstrated by this study, whereas, awareness and socio-economic related factors were identified as a determinants for its availability in the household. Greater efforts are needed to increase the coverage of community-level handwashing facilities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.