ArticleJAMA network open2021
Genetics of Smoking and Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study.
Article in JAMA network open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Appraising the Causal Role of Risk Factors in Coronary Artery Disease and Stroke: A Systematic Review of Mendelian Randomization Studies.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Pooled it
- Smoking Status and Type 2 Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis of Shared Genetic Etiology and Causal Relationship.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Association Between Genetic Variation in Blood Pressure and Increased Lifetime Risk of Peripheral Artery Disease.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2021Pooled it
- Smoking and heart failure: a Mendelian randomization and mediation analysis.ESC heart failure · 2021Pooled it
- The Neuroimmune Mechanisms Linking Smoking and Infection to Atherosclerosis: Chronic vs. Surge.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Review
- Article
- The relationship between urinary tract infections and sepsis: results from Mendelian randomization and MIMIC data study.World journal of urology · 2026Article
- Associations of cigarette smoking with coronary artery and extra-coronary calcification in older adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.Atherosclerosis · 2026Article
- Exploring demographic-behavioural profiles in a large cohort of Japanese adults: a latent class analysis approach for 137 357 individuals.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Joint analysis of atherogenic index of plasma clusters and a body shape index trajectories in incident stroke risk.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Predictors of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Kosovo: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The association between triglyceride-glucose index and all-cause/cardiovascular mortality in patients with different glucose metabolism statuses.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- The Impact of Smoking-Associated Genetic Variants on Post-Exercise Heart Rate.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Polygenic Risk, Modifiable Lifestyle Behaviors, and Metabolic Factors: Associations with HDL-C, Triglyceride Levels, and Cardiovascular Risk.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Impact of Gene-Smoking Interaction on Risk of Atherosclerosis: Molecular Study of Prothrombin (F2) Gene rs1799963 G/A Polymorphism in Atherosclerotic Patients.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Article
- Interaction and combined effect of triglyceride-glucose index and hypertension on type 2 diabetes individuals' peripheral arterial disease risk.Acta diabetologica · 2025Article
- Investigating whether smoking and alcohol behaviours influence risk of type 2 diabetes using a Mendelian randomisation study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Smoking as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Females and Males: Observational and Mendelian Randomisation Analyses in the UK Biobank.Global heart · 2025Observational
- Identification of locally advanced rectal cancer-related genes based on transcriptome and mendelian randomization analysis with biological validation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 10 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: Smoking is associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but the relative contribution to each subtype (coronary artery disease [CAD], peripheral artery disease [PAD], and large-artery stroke) remains less well understood. Objective: To determine the association between genetic liability to smoking and risk of CAD, PAD, and large-artery stroke. Design, Setting, and Participants: Mendelian randomization study using summary statistics from genome-wide associations of smoking (UK Biobank; up to 462 690 individuals), CAD (Coronary Artery Disease Genome Wide Replication and Meta-analysis plus the Coronary Artery Disease Genetics Consortium; up to 60 801 cases, 123 504 controls), PAD (VA Million Veteran Program; up to 24 009 cases, 150 983 controls), and large-artery stroke (MEGASTROKE; up to 4373 cases, 406 111 controls). This study was conducted using summary statistic data from large, previously described cohorts. Review of those publications does not reveal the total recruitment dates for those cohorts. Data analyses were conducted from August 2019 to June 2020. Exposures: Genetic liability to smoking (as proxied by genetic variants associated with lifetime smoking index). Main Outcomes and Measures: Risk (odds ratios [ORs]) of CAD, PAD, and large-artery stroke. Results: Genetic liability to smoking was associated with increased risk of PAD (OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.78-2.56; P = 3.6 × 10-16), CAD (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.25-1.75; P = 4.4 × 10-6), and stroke (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.02-1.92; P = .04). Genetic liability to smoking was associated with greater risk of PAD than risk of large-artery stroke (ratio of ORs, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.05-2.19; P = .02) or CAD (ratio of ORs, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.12-1.84; P = .004). The association between genetic liability to smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases remained independent from the effects of smoking on traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions and Relevance: In this mendelian randomization analysis of data from large studies of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, genetic liability to smoking was a strong risk factor for CAD, PAD, and stroke, although the estimated association was strongest between smoking and PAD. The association between smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.