ReviewThe Journal of clinical investigation2021
IL-36 in chronic inflammation and fibrosis - bridging the gap?
Review in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating inflammatory cytokines and psoriasis risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Immunobiological Properties and Clinical Applications of Interleukin-38 for Immune-Mediated Disorders: A Systematic Review Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Y-RBCEVs accelerate fracture repair through osteogenesis and VCAN-mediated CD44/PI3K/AKT-dependent macrophage polarization.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- Spatial transcriptomics maps early B-cell and T-cell activation in hidradenitis suppurativa.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2026Article
- Up-regulated IL-36 expression promotes a pro-tumorigenic phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Genes & diseases · 2026Article
- Preliminary IL-1 Family Cytokine Signature for Crohn's Disease Onset in Pediatric Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- IL-37 and IL-36 Cytokine Profiles in Chronic Hepatitis Delta During Bulevirtide Therapy.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- IL-36 participated in airway remodeling in chronic asthma model by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition process.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Aged skin exacerbates experimental osteoarthritis via enhanced IL-36R signaling.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Innate Immune-Cloaked Microgel-Coated Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Reverse Persistent Pulmonary Fibrosis via Reparative Macrophages.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Pustular psoriasis flare following COVID-19 infection: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The IL-36 Cytokine Rheostat: Hierarchical Regulation of Epithelial-Immune Crosstalk and Precision Therapy in Psoriatic and Related Dermatoses.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2026Review
- RIPK3 promotes skin inflammation by enhancing IL-36α signaling and necroptosis in keratinocytes.Cell death & disease · 2025Article
- Epicutaneous Staphylococcus aureus initiates cross-tissue IL-36R signaling for neutrophilic lung inflammation in a model of the atopic march.Cell reports · 2025Article
- The Immune Microenvironment: New Therapeutic Implications in Organ Fibrosis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Intestinal Fibrosis in Crohn's Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and New Therapeutic Targets.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Increased IL- 36γ in visceral adipose tissue as a key mediator of obesity-driven inflammation in colon cancer.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Enhanced IL36RN Expression and Its Association With Immune Microenvironment Predicts Poor Prognosis in Gastric Cancer.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Targeting the STAT3/IL-36G signaling pathway can be a promising approach to treat rosacea.Journal of advanced research · 2025Article
- Bridging the gap: Integrating exercise mimicry into chronic disease management through suppressing chronic inflammation.Journal of advanced research · 2025Review
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
IL-36 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily and consists of three agonists and one receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra). The three endogenous agonists, IL-36α, -β, and -γ, act primarily as proinflammatory cytokines, and their signaling through the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) promotes immune cell infiltration and secretion of inflammatory and chemotactic molecules. However, IL-36 signaling also fosters secretion of profibrotic soluble mediators, suggesting a role in fibrotic disorders. IL-36 isoforms and IL-36 have been implicated in inflammatory diseases including psoriasis, arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and allergic rhinitis. Moreover, IL-36 has been connected to fibrotic disorders affecting the kidney, lung, and intestines. This review summarizes the expression, cellular source, and function of IL-36 in inflammation and fibrosis in various organs, and proposes that IL-36 modulation may prove valuable in preventing or treating inflammatory and fibrotic diseases and may reveal a mechanistic link between inflammation and fibrosis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.