ArticleBirth (Berkeley, Calif.)2021
HIV infection as a risk factor for vaginal dysbiosis, bacterial vaginosis, and candidosis in pregnancy: A matched case-control study.
Article in Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- The efficacy and safety of current treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Treatment recommendations for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis across complementary and conventional disciplines: a national survey of Australian healthcare professionals.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2026Article
- Combined effects of bacterial vaginal colonization and HIV on pregnancy outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Research square · 2026Article
- Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Co-Occurrence ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Advances in vulvovaginal candidiasis research: a comprehensive review from epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment to resistance mechanisms.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Vaginal Microbiota Dysbiosis and Infections: A Comprehensive Review of Microbial and Therapeutic Perspectives.International journal of women's health · 2026Review
- A Comprehensive Overview ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth in pregnant people living with HIV: A population-based cohort study.International journal of STD & AIDS · 2025Article
- Use of an Ethinyl Estradiol/Etonogestrel Vaginal Ring Alters Vaginal Microbial Communities in Women With HIV.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Prevalence and determinants of HIV testing-seeking behaviors among women of reproductive age in Tanzania: analysis of the 2022 Demographic and health survey.AIDS research and therapy · 2025Article
- Vaginal colonization and vertical transmission of Candida species: prevalence and associated factors among pregnant women and their neonates at public health facilities of Northeast Ethiopia.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Vaginal candidiasis prevalence, associated factors, and antifungal susceptibility patterns among pregnant women attending antenatal care at bule hora university teaching hospital, Southern Ethiopia.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Prediction and prevention of preterm birth in pregnant women living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy.Expert review of anti-infective therapy · 2022Review
- HIV-associated vaginal microbiome and inflammation predict spontaneous preterm birth in Zambia.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of Vulvovaginal Candidosis during Pregnancy: A Review.Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology · 2022Review
- Screening Pregnant Women for Bacterial Vaginosis Using a Point-of-Care Test: A Prospective Validation Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Validation of theJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- HIV infection as a risk factor for vaginal dysbiosis, bacterial vaginosis, and candidosis in pregnancy: A matched case-control study.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the vaginal microbiota of HIV-positive pregnant women relative to HIV-negative controls, and to compare their risk of vaginal dysbiosis, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC).
methodsThis is a nested matched case-control study that analyzed data from women who received pregnancy care at our center from 2003 to 2014. Women routinely underwent screening for asymptomatic vaginal infections using phase microscopy on Gram-stained smears. HIV-positive women were assigned to the case group, and HIV-negative women were assigned to the control group. Cases and controls were matched in a 1:4 ratio. Logistic regression was used to test whether HIV infection was associated with vaginal dysbiosis (Nugent score 4-6), BV (Nugent score 7-10), or VVC.
resultsOne hundred and twenty-seven women were assigned to the case group, and 4290 were assigned to the control group (including 508 matched controls). Dysbiosis or BV was found in 29.9% of the cases and 17.6% of the controls. Women in the case group had increased risk of vaginal dysbiosis or BV (odds ratio [OR] 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-3.32, P = .002). The risk of VVC was also higher in the case group (OR 2.14, 95% CI, 1.22-3.77, P = .008). The incidence of preterm birth did not differ significantly between the groups (cases: 8.7%; controls: 10%, P = .887).
conclusionsHIV-positive women are at risk of vaginal dysbiosis, BV, and VVC during pregnancy. As imbalances of the vaginal microbiota can lead to preterm birth, screening and treatment of HIV-positive pregnant women are warranted.
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