ArticleScientific reports2021
Analysis of insulin glulisine at the molecular level by X-ray crystallography and biophysical techniques.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- An Overview of Currently Available Injectable Therapies in Diabetes: A Guide to Practitioners.Advances in therapy · 2025Review
- Biological and Biosimilar Medicines in Contemporary Pharmacotherapy for Metabolic Syndrome.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Insulin Analogs and the Mode of Insulin Delivery: Recent Advances and Challenges.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2025Review
- Engineering protein-based therapeutics through structural and chemical design.Nature communications · 2023Review
- New Horizons: Next-Generation Insulin Analogues: Structural Principles and Clinical Goals.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Review
- Structural principles of insulin formulation and analog design: A century of innovation.Molecular metabolism · 2021Review
- Combining X-rays, neutrons and electrons, and NMR, for precision and accuracy in structure-function studies.Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations and advances · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study concerns glulisine, a rapid-acting insulin analogue that plays a fundamental role in diabetes management. We have applied a combination of methods namely X-ray crystallography, and biophysical characterisation to provide a detailed insight into the structure and function of glulisine. X-ray data provided structural information to a resolution of 1.26 Å. Crystals belonged to the H3 space group with hexagonal (centred trigonal) cell dimensions a = b = 82.44 and c = 33.65 Å with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. A unique position of D21Glu, not present in other fast-acting analogues, pointing inwards rather than to the outside surface was observed. This reduces interactions with neighbouring molecules thereby increasing preference of the dimer form. Sedimentation velocity/equilibrium studies revealed a trinary system of dimers and hexamers/dihexamers in dynamic equilibrium. This new information may lead to better understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of glulisine which might aid in improving formulation regarding its fast-acting role and reducing side effects of this drug.
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Registered trials
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