Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33461833›Full record

ArticleVaccine2021

Predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Results of a nationwide survey.

Jeanette B Ruiz, Robert A Bell

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Vaccine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 362 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
362citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
73.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

362 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 644 citations in OpenAlex.

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  6. Improving COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Black Populations: A Systematic Review of Strategies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
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  19. Using the Diffusion of Innovation Theory to Understand COVID-19 Booster Hesitancy in Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026
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302 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Jeanette B RuizDepartment of Communication, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States. Electronic address: jbruiz@ucdavis.edu.
Robert A BellDepartment of Communication, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States. Electronic address: rabell@ucdavis.edu.
University of California, Davis · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPublic polling indicates that vaccine uptake will be suboptimal when COVID-19 vaccines become available. Formative research seeking an understanding of weak vaccination intentions is urgently needed.

methodsNationwide online survey of 804 U.S. English-speaking adults. Compensated participants were recruited from the U.S. through an internet survey panel of 2.5 million residents developed by a commercial survey firm. Recruitment was based on quota sampling to produce a U.S. Census-matched sample representative of the nation with regard to region of residence, sex, and age.

resultsCOVID-19 vaccination intentions were weak, with 14.8% of respondents being unlikely to get vaccinated and another 23.0% unsure. Intent to vaccinate was highest for men, older people, individuals who identified as white and non-Hispanic, the affluent and college-educated, Democrats, those who were married or partnered, people with pre-existing medical conditions, and those vaccinated against influenza during the 2019-2020 flu season. In a multiple linear regression, significant predictors of vaccination intent were general vaccine knowledge (β = 0.311, p < .001), rejection of vaccine conspiracies (β = -0.117, p = .003), perceived severity of COVID-19 (β = 0.273, p < .001), influenza vaccine uptake (β = 0.178, p < .001), having ≥ 5 pre-existing conditions (β = 0.098, p = .003), being male (β = 0.119, p < .001), household income of ≥ $120,000 (β = 0.110, p = .004), identifying as a Democrat (β = 0.075, p < .029), and not relying upon social media for virus information (β = -0.090, p 〈002). Intent to vaccinate was lower for Fox News (57.3%) than CNN/MSNBC viewers (76.4%) (χ2(1) = 12.68, p < .001). Political party differences in threat appraisals and vaccine conspiracy beliefs are described.

conclusionsDemographic characteristics, vaccine knowledge, perceived vulnerability to COVID-19, risk factors for COVID-19, and politics likely contribute to vaccination hesitancy.

Indexed as

IntentionAdolescentAdultAgedCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSurveys and QuestionnairesUnited StatesVaccinationYoung AdultCOVID-19 VaccinesConspiracy beliefsCoronavirusCOVID-19MediaSocial mediaVaccine

Identifiers

PMID33461833
PMCPMC7794597
OpenAlexW3120321414

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.