ArticleBiology of sex differences2021
Gender score development in the Berlin Aging Study II: a retrospective approach.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Decoding sex and gender effects on health: evidence from a nationwide cohort.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Applicability of Existing Gender Scores for German Clinical Research Data: Scoping Review and Data Mapping.JMIR medical informatics · 2026Article
- Health misinformation, digital health literacy, and attitudes toward science among university students: an exploratory cross-sectional survey.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Integrating gender medicine into modern healthcare: Progress and barriers.European journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland.BMC oral health · 2025Observational
- Towards a common understanding of gender-responsive monitoring and evaluation for health programs and interventions: Evidence from a scoping review.SSM - health systems · 2025Article
- Effects of porn addiction on mental health and personality of nursing students: a cross-sectional study in Egypt.BMC nursing · 2025Article
- Applicability of Retrospective and Prospective Gender Scores for Clinical and Health Data: Protocol for a Scoping Review.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Gender should be considered and reported in epidemiology, but why should it be measured?The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Article
- Gender scores in epidemiological research: methods, advantages and implications.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2024Review
- Gender Selectively Mediates the Association Between Sex and Memory in Cognitively Normal Older Adults.Innovation in aging · 2024Article
- Masculine gender affects sex differences in the prevalence of chronic health problemsPreventive medicine reports · 2023Article
- Gender medicine: effects of sex and gender on cardiovascular disease manifestation and outcomes.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2023Review
- Operationalization of a multidimensional sex/gender concept for quantitative environmental health research and implementation in the KORA study: Results of the collaborative research project INGER.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Operationalization and Reporting Practices in Manuscripts Addressing Gender Differences in Biomedical Research: A Cross-Sectional Bibliographical Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The SIMI Gender '5 Ws' Rule for the integration of sex and gender-related variables in clinical studies towards internal medicine equitable research.Internal and emergency medicine · 2022Review
- Cohort profile: follow-up of a Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II) subsample as part of the GendAge study.BMJ open · 2021Observational
- Gender Modifies the Association of Cognition With Age-Related Hearing Impairment in the Health and Retirement Study.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In addition to biological sex, gender, defined as the sociocultural dimension of being a woman or a man, plays a central role in health. However, there are so far few approaches to quantify gender in a retrospective manner in existing study datasets. We therefore aimed to develop a methodology that can be retrospectively applied to assess gender in existing cohorts. We used baseline data from the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II), obtained in 2009-2014 from 1869 participants aged 60 years and older. We identified 13 gender-related variables and used them to construct a gender score by using primary component and logistic regression analyses. Of these, nine variables contributed to a gender score: chronic stress, marital status, risk-taking behaviour, personality attributes: agreeableness, neuroticism, extraversion, loneliness, conscientiousness, and level of education. Females and males differed significantly in the distribution of the gender score, but a significant overlap was also found. Thus, we were able to develop a gender score in a retrospective manner from already collected data that characterized participants in addition to biological sex. This approach will allow researchers to introduce the notion of gender retrospectively into a large number of studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.