ArticleBMC ophthalmology2021
A comparison of accommodation and ocular discomfort change according to display size of smart devices.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is critical flicker-fusion frequency a valid measure of visual fatigue? A post-hoc analysis of a double-masked randomised controlled trial.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2023Trial
- Comparison of Accommodative Response After Reading from Electronic Devices versus Hardcopy.The British and Irish orthoptic journal · 2026Article
- From the Ocular Surface to Neurophysiology: An Integrative Review of Digital Eye Strain.Clinical optometry · 2026Review
- Effects of Visual Display Unit on Ocular Accommodation in Young Adults.The British and Irish orthoptic journal · 2025Article
- A Novel Device for Vergence Exercises: Testing Automatic Dual Rotational Risley Prisms on Asymptomatic Adults and Patients with Convergence Insufficiency.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Article
- Smartphone use patterns and the impact on accommodation and convergence system of the eyes among Malaysian teenagers.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Spotlight on Digital Eye Strain.Clinical optometry · 2023Review
- Association of different digital media experiences with paediatric dry eye in China: a population-based study.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Acute acquired comitant esotropia: Current understanding of its etiological classification and treatment strategies.Taiwan journal of ophthalmologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo evaluate the change of accommodation and ocular discomfort according to the display size, using quantitative measurements of accommodation and ocular discomfort through subjective and objective metrics.
methodsForty six subjects without any ophthalmic disease history were asked to watch the documentary movie, using two different sizes of smart devices; smartphones and tablets. Before and after using devices, the near point accommodation (NPA) and the near point convergence (NPC) were measured, and objective accommodation was measured using an auto refractometer/keratometer. The subjective ocular discomfort was assessed through a survey.
resultsBoth devices showed a decrease in post-use NPA and NPC, and the change after use of the smartphone was significantly severe, 1.8 and 2.5 folds respectively, compared to tablet (p = 0.044, p = 0.033, respectively). Neither smartphone nor tablet showed significant changes in the accommodative response induced by dynamic accommodative stimulus of auto refractometer/keratometer (p = 0.240 and p = 0.199, respectively). Subjects showed a more severe increase in ocular discomfort after using smartphones (p = 0.035) and reported feeling tired even with shorter use times (p = 0.012).
conclusionsBoth devices showed significant decreases in NPA and NPC, and the larger changes were seen when using the small display smartphone. Even within 20minutes of using, subjects start to feel ocular discomfort, and it was more severe and faster after smartphones than tablets. Therefore, the smaller the display size, the greater the adverse impact on eyes, and thus, appropriate display size will need to be selected depending on the time and purpose of use.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.