ReviewThe FEBS journal2021
More than just protein building blocks: how amino acids and related metabolic pathways fuel macrophage polarization.
Review in The FEBS journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 144 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
144 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The levels of amino acid metabolites in serum induce the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis by mediating the inflammatory protein S100A12.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- DNA nanodevice-engineered macrophages as living sensors for dual-mode in vivo monitoring of tumor-associated macrophage polarization.Science advances · 2026Article
- Dynamic metabolic programming of monocyte-derived cells defines immunity in CNS disease.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Identification of Diagnostic Biomarkers Among Metabolism-related Genes in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Insights into Immune Landscape and Molecular Subtype Characterization.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Resveratrol Ameliorates Hypertrophic Scar Formation by Regulating ASIC3-Mediated Fibroblast-Macrophage Crosstalk: A Mechanistic Study.Phytotherapy research : PTR · 2026Article
- Biomimetic cellular sponges for neutralizing inflammatory cytokines in osteoarthritic joints.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Metabolite and nutrient regulation of macrophages in obesity and metabolic disease.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Cellular heterogeneity of hepatic granuloma formation and evolution in murine schistosomiasis japonica.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Metabolic regulation of macrophage polarization in myocardial infarction: from mechanisms to targeted therapies.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Regulation of Macrophage Polarization for Diabetic Kidney Disease by Targeted Metabolic Reprogramming.Current medical science · 2026Review
- Dynamic remodeling of amino acid metabolism in tumor-associated macrophages: Fueling immunosuppression, reshaping tumor niches, and unlocking metabolic checkpoints.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Effect of PI3K-p110α Inhibitor Alpelisib in the Differentiation and Effector Functions of M-CSF and GM-CSF Macrophages.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Potential of a Graphene Monolayer in Macrophage Polarization Using RAW 264.7 Cells.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Impaired P4HA1-Driven Hydroxyproline Formation Mediates Scleral Collagen Disruption in Form-Deprivation Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Kynurenine-AhR-SLC39A10-ZnCell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Beyond M1/M2: The Pivotal Role of Macrophage Metabolic Reprogramming in Chronic Bone Disease and Targeted Intervention.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Prenatal Metal Exposome Reprograms Neonatal Metabolism: Trimester-Dependent Effects on Amino Acid and Carnitine Networks.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Ganoderic Acid a Promotes Functional Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury By Protecting Blood-brain Barrier Integrity and Modulating Microglial Polarization.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Article
- Immunometabolism of macrophages in the bone microenvironment: a new perspective for bone healing therapy.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Immunological mechanisms and novel therapeutic strategies for sepsis‑associated acute kidney injury (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
84 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Macrophages represent the first line of defence in innate immune responses and additionally serve important functions for the regulation of host inflammation and tissue homeostasis. The M1/M2 model describes the two extremes of macrophage polarization states, which can be induced by multiple stimuli, most notably by LPS/IFN-γ and IL-4/IL-13. Historically, the expression of two genes encoding for enzymes, which use the same amino acid as their substrate, iNOS and ARG1, has been used to define classically activated M1 (iNOS) and alternatively activated M2 (ARG1) macrophages. This 'arginine dichotomy' has recently become a matter of debate; however, in parallel with the emerging field of immunometabolism there is accumulating evidence that these two enzymes and their related metabolites are fundamentally involved in the intrinsic regulation of macrophage polarization and function. The aim of this review is to highlight recent advances in macrophage biology and immunometabolism with a specific focus on amino acid metabolism and their related metabolic pathways: iNOS/ARG1 (arginine), TCA cycle and OXPHOS (glutamine) as well as the one-carbon metabolism (serine, glycine).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.