ReviewArchives of toxicology2021
Human Family 1-4 cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolic activation of xenobiotic and physiological chemicals: an update.
Review in Archives of toxicology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Laboratory diagnostics in personalised medicine - 36th Symposium of the Croatian society of medical biochemistry and laboratory medicine.Biochemia medica · 2026Review
- In vitro formation kinetics of two 2,5-dimethylfuran phase-I metabolites: cis-3-hexene-2,5-dione and 5-methylfurfuryl alcohol.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Human CYP2C9 Metabolism of Organophosphorus Pesticides and Nerve Agent Surrogates.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Article
- Development of a TK6-derived cell line expressing four human cytochrome P450s for genotoxicity testing.Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA · 2025Article
- The Activation of Cytochrome P450 2C9 Is Facilitated by the Coenzyme Forms of Vitamin B2.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Testing Strategies for Metabolite-Mediated Neurotoxicity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- CYP1A2 expression and activity in a large panel of human nonneoplastic surgical liver samples: Influence of genetics, lifestyle, and other factors.Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals · 2025Article
- Brain Cytochrome P450: Navigating Neurological Health and Metabolic Regulation.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- NO/NOS system dysregulation as a key molecular mechanism in chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity: a review.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Role Assessment of Water-Soluble Pharmaceutical Form of Phosphatidylcholine on the Catalytic Activity of Cytochrome P450 2C9 and 2D6.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- 4-Pyridone-3-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribonucleoside Reduces Cyclophosphamide Effects and Induces Endothelial Inflammation in Murine Breast Cancer Model.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Human Cytochrome P450 Cancer-Related Metabolic Activities and Gene Polymorphisms: A Review.Cells · 2024Review
- GTransCYPs: an improved graph transformer neural network with attention pooling for reliably predicting CYP450 inhibitors.Journal of cheminformatics · 2024Article
- P450Rdb: A manually curated database of reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes.Journal of advanced research · 2024Article
- Formation of potentially toxic metabolites of drugs in reactions catalyzed by human drug-metabolizing enzymes.Archives of toxicology · 2024Review
- Designing cytochrome P450 enzymes for use in cancer gene therapy.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
- Induction of clastogenesis and gene mutations by carbamazepine (at its therapeutically effective serum levels) in mammalian cells and the dependence on human CYP2B6 enzyme activity.Archives of toxicology · 2023Article
- Association of CYP2C19 Polymorphic Markers with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Gas Industry Workers Undergoing Periodic Medical Examinations.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension · 2023Article
- DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress of Tobacco Smoke Condensate in Human Bladder Epithelial Cells.Chemical research in toxicology · 2022Article
- Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions.Archives of toxicology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic activation of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and general chemicals by the catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes belonging to Families 1-4. The data were collected from > 5152 references. The total number of data entries of reactions catalyzed by P450s Families 1-4 was 7696 of which 1121 (~ 15%) were defined as bioactivation reactions of different degrees. The data were divided into groups of General Chemicals, Drugs, Natural Products, and Physiological Compounds, presented in tabular form. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group are discussed. In most of the cases, the metabolites are directly toxic chemicals reacting with cell macromolecules, but in some cases the metabolites formed are not direct toxicants but participate as substrates in succeeding metabolic reactions (e.g., conjugation reactions), the products of which are final toxicants. We identified a high level of activation for three groups of compounds (General Chemicals, Drugs, and Natural Products) yielding activated metabolites and the generally low participation of Physiological Compounds in bioactivation reactions. In the group of General Chemicals, P450 enzymes 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 dominate in the formation of activated metabolites. Drugs are mostly activated by the enzyme P450 3A4, and Natural Products by P450s 1A2, 2E1, and 3A4. Physiological Compounds showed no clearly dominant enzyme, but the highest numbers of activations are attributed to P450 1A, 1B1, and 3A enzymes. The results thus show, perhaps not surprisingly, that Physiological Compounds are infrequent substrates in bioactivation reactions catalyzed by P450 enzyme Families 1-4, with the exception of estrogens and arachidonic acid. The results thus provide information on the enzymes that activate specific groups of chemicals to toxic metabolites.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.