ReviewJournal of Parkinson's disease2021
Parkinson's Disease Drug Development Since 1999: A Story of Repurposing and Relative Success.
Review in Journal of Parkinson's disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic Review of the Huntington's Disease Drug Development Pipeline, 2014 to 2025.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Pooled it
- LRRK2-targeting antisense oligonucleotide in Parkinson's disease: a phase 1 randomized controlled trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- Olfactory proteomics reveals the capacity of the HDAC1 inhibitor pyroxamide to halt the α-synuclein preformed fibrils-induced damage in nasal epithelial, microglial and dopaminergic neuronal cell lines.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The road for developing new pharmacological therapies for Parkinson's disease: Current trends and targets in clinical trials.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Identifying Drugs Associated With Parkinson's Disease Risk Using Machine Learning.Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology · 2026Article
- Motor and non-motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: the knowns and unknowns of current therapeutic approaches.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Experimental Models and Translational Strategies in Neuroprotective Drug Development with Emphasis on Alzheimer's Disease.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- An Open-Label, Non-randomized, Drug-Repurposing Study to Explore the Clinical Effects of Angiotensin II Type 1 (AT1) Receptor Antagonists on Anxiety and Depression in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2025Article
- Some Novel Therapies in Parkinson's Disease: A Promising Path Forward or Not Yet? A Systematic Review of the Literature.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Human IPSC 3D brain model as a tool to study chemical-induced dopaminergic neuronal toxicity.Neurobiology of disease · 2022Article
- Role of Nrf2 in Parkinson's Disease: Toward New Perspectives.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Recent advances in drug repurposing using machine learning.Current opinion in chemical biology · 2021Review
- (Dys)Prosody in Parkinson's Disease: Effects of Medication and Disease Duration on Intonation and Prosodic Phrasing.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Integrated network analysis identifying potential novel drug candidates and targets for Parkinson's disease.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Induced pluripotent stem cell-based organ-on-a-chip as personalized drug screening tools: A focus on neurodegenerative disorders.Journal of tissue engineeringReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA global overview of drug development programs in Parkinson's disease over the last few decades is lacking, while such programs are challenging given the multifaceted and heterogeneous nature of the disease.
objectiveTo indirectly assess drug development programs in Parkinson's disease, exploring some factors associated with compound attrition at different trial phases.
methodsWe assessed all Parkinson's disease trials in the WHO trials portal, from inception (1999) to September 2019. Independent authors selected trials and extracted data. The success rate was the number of compounds that progressed to the next drug development phase divided by the number of compounds in that phase.
resultsOverall, 357 trials (studying 152 compounds) fulfilled our inclusion criteria, with 62 (17.3%) phase 1 trials, 135 (37.8%) phase 2 trials, 85 (23.8%) phase 3 trials, and 53 (14.8%) phase 4 trials. The success rate was 42.4% from phase 2 to 3. Original compounds received regulatory approval by the FDA in 21.4% of cases, compared with 6.7% of repurposed compounds, representing an overall success rate of 14.9%. We found 172 trials (48.2%) conducted for repurposing previously licensed compounds. These figures were approximately the same regarding approval by the EMA. Most compounds were approved to treat parkinsonism and motor fluctuations.
conclusionWe found a moderate-to-high success rate in all phases of drug development. This was largely based on the success of original compounds, despite almost half of the identified trials attempting compound repurposing.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.