ArticleCritical care explorations2021
Characterizing Critical Care Pharmacy Services Across the United States.
Article in Critical care explorations, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prediction of pharmacist medication interventions using medication regimen complexity.JAMIA open · 2025Article
- Association of Intensive Care Unit Patient-to-Clinician Ratios with Mortality across Two U.S. Health Systems.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2025Article
- Consensus recommendations for the integration of critical care pharmacists on intensive care unit teams: Endorsed by the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, American College of Clinical Pharmacy, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Institute for Safe Medication Practices, and Society of Critical Care Medicine.Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP · 2025Article
- ICU Staffing in the United States.Chest · 2024Article
- Critical care pharmacy service provision and workforce in adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation centres: a multicentre cross-sectional survey.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Critical Care Pharmacist Evening Services at an Academic Medical Center.Hospital pharmacy · 2024Article
- Patterns of interactions among ICU interprofessional teams: A prospective patient-shift-level survey approach.PloS one · 2024Article
- The use of electronic health record embedded MRC-ICU as a metric for critical care pharmacist workload.JAMIA open · 2023Article
- An Evaluation of the Relationship Between Medication Regimen Complexity as Measured by the MRC-ICU to Medication Errors in Critically Ill Patients.Hospital pharmacy · 2023Article
- Optimizing Pharmacist Team-Integration for ICU Patient Management: Rationale, Study Design, and Methods for a Multicentered Exploration of Pharmacist-to-Patient Ratio.Critical care explorations · 2023Article
- Critical care pharmacy workforce: a 2020 re-evaluation of the UK deployment and characteristics.Human resources for health · 2023Article
- [Drug therapy safety supported by interprofessional collaboration between ICU physicians and clinical pharmacists in critical care units in Germany : Results of a survey].Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin · 2023Article
- Characteristics of Critical Care Pharmacy Services in Saudi Arabia.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2023Article
- Critical Care Pharmacists: Improving Care by Increasing Access to Medication Expertise.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2022Article
- A descriptive report of the rapid implementation of automated MRC-ICU calculations in the EMR of an academic medical center.American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists · 2022Article
- Medication regimen complexity vs patient acuity for predicting critical care pharmacist interventions.American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists · 2022Observational
- Optimization of critical care pharmacy clinical services: A gap analysis approach.American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists · 2021Article
- Review
- Role of pharmacist during COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective study focused on critically ill COVID-19 patients.Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2021Article
- Describing voluntarily reported fluid therapy incidents in the care of critically ill patients: Identifying, and learning from, points of risk at the national level.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Involvement of clinical pharmacists in the ICU attenuates costs, avoids adverse drug events, and reduces morbidity and mortality. This survey assessed services and activities of ICU pharmacists.
designA 27-question, pretested survey.
setting1,220 U.S. institutions. SUBJECTS: Critical care pharmacists.
interventionsElectronic questionnaire of pharmacy services and activities across clinical practice, education, scholarship, and administration. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
resultsA total of 401 (response rate of 35.4%) surveys representing 493 ICUs were completed. Median daily ICU census was 12 (interquartile range, 6-20) beds with 1 (interquartile range, 1-1.5) pharmacist full-time equivalent per ICU. Direct clinical ICU pharmacy services were available in 70.8% of ICUs. Pharmacists attended rounds 5 days (interquartile range, 4-5 d) per week with a median patient-to-pharmacist ratio of 17 (interquartile range, 12-26). The typical workweek consisted of 50% (interquartile range, 40-60%) direct ICU patient care, 10% (interquartile range, 8-16%) teaching, 8% (interquartile range, 5-18%) order processing, 5% (interquartile range, 0-20%) direct non-ICU patient care, 5% (interquartile range, 2-10%) administration, 5% (interquartile range, 0-10%) scholarship, and 0% (interquartile range, 0-5%) drug distribution. Common clinical activities as a percentage of the workweek were reviewing drug histories (28.5%); assessing adverse events (27.6%); and evaluating (26.1%), monitoring (23.8%), and managing (21.4%) drug therapies. Services were less likely to occur overnight or on weekends. Telemedicine was rarely employed. Dependent prescriptive authority (per protocol or via practice agreements) was available to 51.1% of pharmacists and independent prescriptive authority was provided by 13.4% of pharmacists. Educational services most frequently provided were inservices (97.6%) and experiential training of students or residents (89%). Education of ICU healthcare members was provided at a median of 5 times/mo (interquartile range, 3-15 times/mo). Most respondents were involved with ICU or departmental policies/guidelines (84-86.8%) and 65.7% conducted some form of scholarship.
conclusionsICU pharmacists have diverse and versatile responsibilities and provide several key clinical and nonclinical services. Initiatives to increase the availability of services are warranted.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.