ArticleJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS2021
Comparison of Education and Episodic Memory as Modifiers of Brain Atrophy Effects on Cognitive Decline: Implications for Measuring Cognitive Reserve.
Article in Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is grip strength a marker for cognitive function, neurodegeneration, and resilience?GeroScience · 2026Article
- Education, Cognitive Reserve, and Brain Pathology in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence from Preclinical and Symptomatic Cohorts.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Episodic Memory in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment at Risk for Alzheimer's Disease: Spanish Validation of the TYM-MCI.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Prediction of Episodic Memory With Multiomics Scores.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Brain Microstructural Alteration and Its Implications for Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Surgical Patients: A Narrative Review.Brain and behavior · 2025Review
- Assessing the determinants and association of cognitive memory performance with blood folate and cobalamin levels in Qatar's healthy aging population.Qatar medical journal · 2025Article
- Development and validation of an episodic memory measure in the Mobile Toolbox (MTB): Arranging Pictures.Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology · 2024Article
- Development of a machine learning algorithm to predict the residual cognitive reserve index.Brain communications · 2024Article
- Timing and level of educational attainment and late-life cognition in the KHANDLE study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Association of primary lifetime occupational cognitive complexity and cognitive decline in a diverse cohort: Results from the KHANDLE study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2023Article
- Toward an Understanding of Healthy Cognitive Aging: The Importance of Lifestyle in Cognitive Reserve and the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2023Review
- An empirical measure of resilience explains individual differences in the effect of tau pathology on memory change in aging.Nature aging · 2023Article
- A study of linear measurement and clinical correlation of brain atrophy in Wilson's disease.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Article
- The Mediating Roles of Neurobiomarkers in the Relationship Between Education and Late-Life Cognition.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- The Association Between Temporal Atrophy and Episodic Memory Is Moderated by Education in a Multi-Center Memory Clinic Sample.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- The protective effect of educational level varies as a function of the difficulty of the memory task in ageing.European journal of ageing · 2022Article
- Residual reserve index modifies the effect of amyloid pathology on fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism: Implications for efficiency and capacity in cognitive reserve.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescence, Young Adulthood, and Midlife on Late-Life Cognition: Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2021Article
- Positive Effects of Education on Cognitive Functioning Depend on Clinical Status and Neuropathological Severity.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2021Article
- A data-driven, multi-domain brain gray matter signature as a powerful biomarker associated with several clinical outcomes.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study compared the level of education and tests from multiple cognitive domains as proxies for cognitive reserve.
methodThe participants were educationally, ethnically, and cognitively diverse older adults enrolled in a longitudinal aging study. We examined independent and interactive effects of education, baseline cognitive scores, and MRI measures of cortical gray matter change on longitudinal cognitive change.
resultsBaseline episodic memory was related to cognitive decline independent of brain and demographic variables and moderated (weakened) the impact of gray matter change. Education moderated (strengthened) the gray matter change effect. Non-memory cognitive measures did not incrementally explain cognitive decline or moderate gray matter change effects.
conclusionsEpisodic memory showed strong construct validity as a measure of cognitive reserve. Education effects on cognitive decline were dependent upon the rate of atrophy, indicating education effectively measures cognitive reserve only when atrophy rate is low. Results indicate that episodic memory has clinical utility as a predictor of future cognitive decline and better represents the neural basis of cognitive reserve than other cognitive abilities or static proxies like education.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.