ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
An immunohistochemical study of lymphatic elements in the human brain.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
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- New Strategies for the Prevention and Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Stimulation of Brain Drainage and Lymphatic Clearance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Possible Impact of Lymphatic Drainage on Brain Injury After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Beyond AQP-4: convergent glymphatic-meningeal lymphatic dysfunction underlying multifactorial migraine pathogenesis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Neuro-lymphaphotonics opens new horizons of the future technologies for the therapy of brain diseases.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Meningeal immunity and "Interstitial" therapy: a new paradigm for immunotherapy in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Sleep is a therapeutic window for photostimulation of drainage of aging brain.Frontiers of optoelectronics · 2025Article
- Emerging Roles of Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels in Ischemic Stroke.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Morphologic and functional alterations in the parasagittal dural space in mild cognitive impairment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Reduced DTI-ALPS index in tinnitus patients: DTI-ALPS as a mediator of sleep on tinnitus.Neuroradiology · 2025Article
- Skull-meninges-brain connectivity and extra-axial brain tumours.Brain communications · 2025Review
- IFIT3 activation significantly contributes to HIV-1-associated neurodegenerative disorder-mediated neuroinflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Promising Strategies to Reduce the SARS-CoV-2 Amyloid Deposition in the Brain and Prevent COVID-19-Exacerbated Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Postnatal meningeal CSF transport is primarily mediated by the arachnoid and pia maters and is not altered after intraventricular hemorrhage-posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2024Article
- The Interplay between Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- Technology of the photobiostimulation of the brain's drainage system during sleep for improvement of learning and memory in male mice.Biomedical optics express · 2024Article
- New Insights on Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets of Cerebral Edema.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- Of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and the human brain. Celebrating Miklos Palkovits' 90th birthday.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Almost 150 papers about brain lymphatics have been published in the last 150 years. Recently, the information in these papers has been synthesized into a picture of central nervous system (CNS) "glymphatics," but the fine structure of lymphatic elements in the human brain based on imaging specific markers of lymphatic endothelium has not been described. We used LYVE1 and PDPN antibodies to visualize lymphatic marker-positive cells (LMPCs) in postmortem human brain samples, meninges, cavernous sinus (cavum trigeminale), and cranial nerves and bolstered our findings with a VEGFR3 antibody. LMPCs were present in the perivascular space, the walls of small and large arteries and veins, the media of large vessels along smooth muscle cell membranes, and the vascular adventitia. Lymphatic marker staining was detected in the pia mater, in the arachnoid, in venous sinuses, and among the layers of the dura mater. There were many LMPCs in the perineurium and endoneurium of cranial nerves. Soluble waste may move from the brain parenchyma via perivascular and paravascular routes to the closest subarachnoid space and then travel along the dura mater and/or cranial nerves. Particulate waste products travel along the laminae of the dura mater toward the jugular fossa, lamina cribrosa, and perineurium of the cranial nerves to enter the cervical lymphatics. CD3-positive T cells appear to be in close proximity to LMPCs in perivascular/perineural spaces throughout the brain. Both immunostaining and qPCR confirmed the presence of adhesion molecules in the CNS known to be involved in T cell migration.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.