ReviewMicroorganisms2021
Severe COVID-19 and Sepsis: Immune Pathogenesis and Laboratory Markers.
Review in Microorganisms, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- High-density lipoproteins may play a crucial role in COVID-19.Virology journal · 2022Pooled it
- The role of vitamin B12 in viral infections: a comprehensive review of its relationship with the muscle-gut-brain axis and implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nutrition reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Elevated Procalcitonin Is Positively Associated with the Severity of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis Based on 10 Cohort Studies.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2021Pooled it
- Article
- Single-cell profiling reveals context-dependent immune regulation shared by sepsis and systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Observational
- The Distribution of Sport Performance Gene Variations Through COVID-19 Disease Severity.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The impact of tocilizumab treatment on the severity of inflammation and survival rates in sepsis is significantly influence by the timing of administration.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Article
- Association of COVID-19 with thyroid dysfunction and autoimmune thyroid disease: A retrospective cohort study.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2024Article
- COVID-19-Associated Sepsis: Potential Role of Phytochemicals as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Potential biomarkers for fatal outcome prognosis in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with pre-existing comorbidities.Clinical and translational science · 2023Article
- Article
- Are Patients With an International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition Discharge Diagnosis Code for Sepsis Different in Regard to Demographics and Outcome Variables When Comparing Those With Sepsis Only to Those Also Diagnosed With COVID-19 or Those With a COVID-19 Diagnosis Alone?Critical care explorations · 2023Article
- The role of SARS-COV-2 infection in promoting abnormal immune response and sepsis: A comparison between SARS-COV-2-related sepsis and sepsis from other causes.Infectious medicine · 2023Article
- Endothelial Damage, Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Platelet Activation in COVID-19 vs. Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Case-Control Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Demographic features, laboratory findings and outcomes of ICU patients with COVID-19 in Ahvaz, Iran: A single-centered prospective study.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2023Article
- Role of Cytochrome P450 2C9 in COVID-19 Treatment: Current Status and Future Directions.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2023Review
- Article
- Treatment Advances in Sepsis and Septic Shock: Modulating Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Special Issue "SARS-CoV-2: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis": Editorial.Microorganisms · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The ongoing outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has taken a significant toll on people and countries all over the world. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 has not been completely elucidated yet. This includes the interplay between inflammation and coagulation which needs further investigation. The massive production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines results in the so-called cytokine storm, leading to plasma leakage, vascular hyperpermeability, and disseminated vascular coagulation. This is usually accompanied by multiorgan failure. The extensive changes in the serum levels of cytokines are thought to play a crucial role in the COVID-19 pathogenesis. Additionally, the viral load and host inflammation factors are believed to have a significant role in host damage, particularly lung damage, from SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, patients exhibit quantitative and qualitative differences in their immune responses to the virus, which can impact the clinical manifestation and outcomes of COVID-19. There needs to be a better understanding of the dynamic events that involve immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and viral replication in the context of the COVID-19 infection. Here, we discuss the main aspects of COVID-19 pathogenesis while supporting the hypothesis that inflammatory immune responses are involved in the progression of the disease to a more critical and fatal phase. We also explore the similarities and differences between severe COVID-19 and sepsis. A deeper understanding of the COVID-19 clinical picture as it relates to better-known conditions such as sepsis can provide useful clues for the management, prevention, and therapy of the disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.