ReviewCell host & microbe2021
Anti-CRISPRs go viral: The infection biology of CRISPR-Cas inhibitors.
Review in Cell host & microbe, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- CRISPR-Cas systems as next-generation antimicrobials: a systemic review of mechanisms, delivery strategies, and translational challenges.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- Surviving phage attack primes bacterial immunity to defeat counterdefenses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Bacterial immune systems.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Beyond DNA editing: how Cas13 redefined programmable RNA manipulation and what still limits its therapeutic promise.Nucleic acids research · 2026Review
- Structural insight into IscB's RNA-lid-based inactivation mechanism.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2026Article
- CRISPR-anti-CRISPR dynamics: evolutionary, ecological and biotechnological perspectives.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- The complex developmental mechanisms of nucleus-forming jumbo phages.Current opinion in microbiology · 2025Review
- Phage Therapy forAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Global biogeography of airborne viruses in public transit systems and their host interactions.Microbiome · 2025Article
- In silico evolution of globular protein folds from random sequences.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- A type III-associated Cas6 functions as a negative regulator of type I-B CRISPR-Cas system in Thermus thermophilus.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Nano-Polymers as Cas9 Inhibitors.Polymers · 2025Article
- Bacteriophages: A Challenge for Antimicrobial Therapy.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- AcrIIIA1 is a protein-RNA anti-CRISPR complex that targets core Cas and accessory nucleases.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Rapid design of bacteriophage cocktails to suppress the burden and virulence of gut-resident carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.Cell host & microbe · 2024Article
- Article
- Structures, mechanisms and applications of RNA-centric CRISPR-Cas13.Nature chemical biology · 2024Review
- Inhibitors of bacterial immune systems: discovery, mechanisms and applications.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Bacteriophages encode diverse anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins that inhibit CRISPR-Cas immunity during infection of their bacterial hosts. Although detailed mechanisms have been characterized for multiple Acr proteins, an understanding of their role in phage infection biology is just emerging. Here, we review recent work in this area and propose a framework of "phage autonomy" to evaluate CRISPR-immune evasion strategies. During phage infection, Acr proteins are deployed by a tightly regulated "fast on-fast off" transcriptional burst, which is necessary, but insufficient, for CRISPR-Cas inactivation. Instead of a single phage shutting down CRISPR-Cas immunity, a community of acr-carrying phages cooperate to suppress bacterial immunity, displaying low phage autonomy. Enzymatic Acr proteins with novel mechanisms have been recently revealed and are predicted to enhance phage autonomy, while phage DNA protective measures offer the highest phage autonomy observed. These varied Acr mechanisms and strengths also have unexpected impacts on the bacterial populations and competing phages.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.