ArticleTransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene2021
Tobacco, alcohol use and other risk factors for developing symptomatic COVID-19 vs asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case-control study from western Rajasthan, India.
Article in Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of smoking in COVID-19 progression: a comprehensive meta-analysis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2023Pooled it
- Association of Alcohol Use with COVID-19 Infection and Hospitalization Among People Living with HIV in the United States, 2020.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Spatio-temporal epidemiology and associated indicators of COVID-19 (wave-I and II) in India.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Prevalence and association between alcohol, tobacco, and COVID-19: a study from a tribal predominant district in eastern India.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Evaluating the protective effectiveness and risk factors of ursodeoxycholic acid on COVID-19 among outpatients.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) for Population Health and Health Inequalities.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
- Repeated ethanol exposure and withdrawal alters angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression in discrete brain regions: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2023Article
- Lower SARS-CoV-2 household transmission in children and adolescents compared to adults.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Asymptomatic versus symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cross-sectional seroprevalence study.Tropical medicine and health · 2022Article
- Rates of Asymptomatic COVID-19 Infection and Associated Factors in Olmsted County, Minnesota, in the Prevaccination Era.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes · 2022Article
- Article
- Relationship between high-risk alcohol consumption and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroconversion: a prospective sero-epidemiological cohort study among American college students.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Article
- Factors associated with differential COVID-19 mortality rates in the SEAR nations: a narrative review.IJID regions · 2022Review
- Clinical Manifestations, Imaging Procedures and Laboratory Parameters among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Ilam Province, Western Iran.Ethiopian journal of health sciences · 2022Article
- Binge drinking in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic: Prevalence, correlates and association with preventive behaviors.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Article
- Substance, use in relation to COVID-19: A scoping review.Addictive behaviors · 2022Article
- Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to the direct health impact of COVID-19 in India, 2020.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The Impact of Tobacco Use on COVID-19 Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Journal of smoking cessation · 2022Review
- Gender and genetic factors impacting COVID-19 severity.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUnderstanding risk factors of symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vis-à-vis asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, severe disease and death is important.
methodsAn unmatched case-control study was conducted through telephonic interviews among individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Jodhpur, India from 23 March to 20 July 2020. Contact history, comorbidities and tobacco and alcohol use were elicited using standard tools.
resultsAmong 911 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, 47.5% were symptomatic, 14.1% had severe COVID-19 and 41 (4.5%) died. Older age, working outside the home, cardiac and respiratory comorbidity and alcohol use were found to increase the risk of symptomatic disease as compared with asymptomatic infection. Current tobacco smoking (odds ratio [OR] 0.46 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.26 to 0.78]) but not smokeless tobacco use (OR 0.81 [95% CI 0.55 to 1.19]) appeared to reduce the risk of symptomatic disease. Age ≥60 y and renal comorbidity were significantly associated with severe COVID-19. Age ≥60 y and respiratory and cardiac comorbidity were found to predispose to mortality.
conclusionsThe apparent reduced risk of symptomatic COVID-19 among tobacco smokers could be due to residual confounding owing to unknown factors, while acknowledging the limitation of recall bias. Cross-protection afforded by frequent upper respiratory tract infection among tobacco smokers could explain why a similar association was not found for smokeless tobacco use, thereby being more plausible than the 'nicotinic hypothesis'. Those with comorbidities and age ≥60 y should be prioritized for hospital admission.
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