ArticlePloS one2021
Hand(y) hygiene insights: Applying three theoretical models to investigate hospital patients' and visitors' hand hygiene behavior.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- The association between maternal hand hygiene practices and infant morbidity among mother-infant dyads in Enugu State: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Predicting nurses' adherence to chemical decontamination procedures: a transtheoretical model SEM analysis.BMC nursing · 2026Article
- Barriers to hand hygiene practices and improvement expectations among awake ICU patients: a qualitative study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Knowledge and practice of solid healthcare waste management among waste handlers in hospitals in Southern Ghana: a qualitative study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Application of an Adapted Health Action Process Approach Model to Predict Engagement With a Digital Mental Health Website: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR human factors · 2024Article
- Learning hand hygiene from the champions: Investigating key compliance facilitators among healthcare workers through interviews.PloS one · 2024Article
- Article
- Nurses' Adherence to the Portuguese Standard to Prevent Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs): An Observational Study.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2023Article
- Interventions to improve knowledge or compliance to hand hygiene in nursing students: A scoping review.Journal of infection prevention · 2023Article
- A controlled before-and-after study of a multi-modal intervention to improve hand hygiene during the peri-natal period in Cambodia.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Understanding Hand Hygiene Behavior in a Public Hospital in Benin Using the Theoretical Domain Frameworks: The First Step for Designing Appropriate Interventions.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Association of Social-Cognitive Factors with Individual Preventive Behaviors of COVID-19 among a Mixed-Sample of Older Adults from China and Germany.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Hand hygiene behaviours monitored by an electronic system in the intensive care unit - a prospective observational study.The Journal of hospital infection · 2022Observational
- Is it feasible to use a humanoid robot to promote hand hygiene adherence in a hospital setting?Infection prevention in practice · 2022Article
- Predicting hand washing, mask wearing and social distancing behaviors among older adults during the covid-19 pandemic: an integrated social cognition model.BMC geriatrics · 2022Article
- Individual Preventive Behaviors of COVID-19 and Associated Psychological Factors Among Chinese Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- A feasibility study of the use of medical clowns as hand-hygiene promoters in hospitals.PloS one · 2022Article
- Predictors of preventive behavior of nosocomial infections in nursing staff: a structural equation model based on the social cognitive theory.BMC health services research · 2021Article
- Hand Hygiene during the Early Neonatal Period: A Mixed-Methods Observational Study in Healthcare Facilities and Households in Rural Cambodia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImproving hand hygiene in hospitals is the most efficient method to prevent healthcare-associated infections. The hand hygiene behavior of hospital patients and visitors is not well-researched, although they pose a risk for the transmission of pathogens. Therefore, the present study had three aims: (1) Finding a suitable theoretical model to explain patients' and visitors' hand hygiene practice; (2) Identifying important predictors for their hand hygiene behavior; and (3) Comparing the essential determinants of hand hygiene behavior between healthcare professionals from the literature to our non-professional sample.
methodsIn total N = 1,605 patients and visitors were surveyed on their hand hygiene practice in hospitals. The employed questionnaires were based on three theoretical models: a) the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB); b) the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA); and c) the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. To compare our results to the determinants of healthcare workers' hand hygiene behavior, we searched for studies that used one of the three theoretical models.
resultsAmong patients, 52% of the variance in the hand hygiene behavior was accounted for by the TDF domains, 44% by a modified HAPA model, and 40% by the TPB factors. Among visitors, these figures were 59%, 37%, and 55%, respectively. Two clusters of variables surfaced as being essential determinants of behavior: self-regulatory processes and social influence processes. The critical determinants for healthcare professionals' hand hygiene reported in the literature were similar to the findings from our non-professional sample.
conclusionsThe TDF was identified as the most suitable model to explain patients' and visitors' hand hygiene practices. Patients and visitors should be included in existing behavior change intervention strategies. Newly planned interventions should focus on targeting self-regulatory and social influence processes to improve effectiveness.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.