SynthesisPloS one2021
Breast self-examination practice and its determinants among women in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- What is the uptake rate of breast self-examination in Iranian women? Estimation based on systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC women's health · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- The effect of a virtual educational intervention based on self-efficacy theory on women's skills of breast self- examination.BMC women's health · 2024Trial
- Article
- Adolescent Girls' Breast Self-Examination Practices in Eastern Region of Ghana.The breast journal · 2026Article
- Factors Associated With Breast Self-Examination Among Female Healthcare Providers in Moshi Municipality, Northern Tanzania.Obstetrics and gynecology international · 2026Article
- Breast self-examination prevalence and determinants in low- and middle-income countries: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Review
- Knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among female undergraduate students in Jigjiga City, Ethiopia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Breast Self-Examination: Evaluating Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Female Medical Students.Cureus · 2025Article
- Normative BREAST-Q Scores in Sub-Saharan African Women: Interpreting the Impact of Mastectomy and Reconstruction.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Service-Delivery Models to Increase the Uptake of Non-Communicable Disease Screening in South-Central Ethiopia: A Difference-In-Differences Analysis.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Breast Self-Examination Practice and Its Determinants among Women in Indonesia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- Determinants of breast self-examination practice among women attending pastoralist health facilities, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.BMC women's health · 2023Article
- Prevalence and determinants of breast self-examination practices among women in their reproductive age in Namibia: an analysis of the 2013 Namibia demographic and Health Survey.BMC public health · 2023Observational
- Determinants of breast cancer in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Ecancermedicalscience · 2023Review
- Breast Self-Examination Practice and Associated Factors Among Women Attending Family Planning Service in Modjo Public Health Facilities Southwest Ethiopia [Response To Letter].Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2021Article
- Breast Self-Examination Practice and Associated Factors Among Women Attending Family Planning Service in Modjo Public Health Facilities Southwest Ethiopia [Letter].Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2021Article
- Knowledge and Practice on Breast Self-Examination and Associated Factors among Summer Class Social Science Undergraduate Female Students in the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia.Journal of cancer epidemiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe survival rate from breast cancer is lowest in African countries and the distribution of breast self-examination practice of and its determinants are not well investigated in Ethiopia. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to determine the pooled prevalence of breast self-examination and its associated factors among women in Ethiopia.
methodsPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The databases used were; PUBMED, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, CINAHL, African Journals Online, Dimensions and Summon per country online databases. Search terms used were; breast self-examination, breast cancer screening, early detection of breast cancer and Ethiopia. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) was used for critical appraisal of studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 15 software. The pooled meta-analysis was computed to present the pooled prevalence and relative risks (RRs) of the determinate factors with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
resultsWe identified 2,637 studies, of which, 40 articles (with 17,820 participants) were eligible for inclusion in the final meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of breast self-examination in Ethiopia was 36.72% (95% CI: 29.90, 43.53). The regional distribution breast self-examination ranged from 21.2% (95% CI: 4.49, 37.91) in Tigray to 61.5% (95% CI: 53.98, 69.02) in Gambela region. The lowest prevalence of breast self-examination was observed among the general population (20.43% (95% CI: 14.13, 26.72)). Women who had non-formal educational status (OR = 0.4 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.77)), family history of breast cancer (OR = 2.04 (95% CI: 1.23, 3.39)), good knowledge of breast self-examination (OR = 4.8 (95% CI: 3.03, 7.6)) and favorable attitude toward breast self-examination (OR = 2.75, (95% CI: 1.66, 4.55)) were significantly associated with practice of breast self-examination.
conclusionsOnly a third of women in Ethiopia practiced breast examination despite WHO guidelines advocating for this practice among all women of reproductive age. Intervention programs should address the factors that are associated with breast self-examination. Population specific programs are needed to promote breast self-examination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.