Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33443963›Full record

ArticleJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2021

Perceived Interruptions to HIV Prevention and Treatment Services Associated With COVID-19 for Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men in 20 Countries.

Amrita Rao, Katherine Rucinski, Brooke A Jarrett, Benjamin Ackerman, Sara Wallach, Julia Marcus, Tyler Adamson, Alex Garner, Glenn-Milo Santos, Chris Beyrer and 2 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
64citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

64 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  7. COVID-19-Related Diminished Peer HIV Communication Intentions Among Sexual and Gender Expansive Individuals in Kazakhstan.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2026
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4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Amrita RaoDepartments of Epidemiology.
Katherine RucinskiInternational Health; and.
Brooke A JarrettDepartments of Epidemiology.
Benjamin AckermanBiostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
Sara WallachDepartments of Epidemiology.
Julia MarcusDepartment of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA.
Tyler AdamsonDepartments of Epidemiology.
Alex GarnerHornet, San Francisco, CA.
Glenn-Milo SantosCommunity Health Systems Department, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and.
Chris BeyrerDepartments of Epidemiology.
Sean HowellHornet, San Francisco, CA.
Stefan BaralDepartments of Epidemiology.

Funding

Substance Use and HIV Prevention Research in Minority Communities Training ProgramR25DA028567 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Julia Lechuga, Torsten Brian Neilands · 2009 to 2026
$5.4M
Johns Hopkins HIV Epidemiology and Prevention Sciences Training ProgramT32AI102623 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Shruti H Mehta · 2013 to 2026
$5.3M
Validation of Stigma Metrics for Marginalized Men R01MH110358 · NIMH · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI BARAL, STEFAN DAVID · 2017 to 2021
$3.6M
Optimizing Care for HIV/HCV-Coinfected Patients in the New HCV Treatment EraK01AI122853 · NIAID · KAISER FOUNDATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI MARCUS, JULIA L. · 2016 to 2020
$655k
PrEP among high-risk young women in South Africa: real-world barriers to use and patterns of re-initiation and PrEP cyclingF31MH124458 · NIMH · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI RAO, AMRITA · 2020 to 2021
$86k
NIAID NIH HHS K01 AI122853NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI102623NIDA NIH HHS R25 DA028567NIMH NIH HHS F31 MH124458NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH110358
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe coronavirus pandemic has necessitated a range of population-based measures to stem the spread of infection. These measures may be associated with disruptions to other health services including for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) at risk for or living with HIV. Here, we assess the relationship between stringency of COVID-19 control measures and interruptions to HIV prevention and treatment services for MSM.

settingData for this study were collected between April 16, 2020, and May 24, 2020, as part of a COVID-19 Disparities Survey implemented by the gay social networking app, Hornet. Pandemic control measures were quantified using the Oxford Government Response Tracker Stringency Index: each country received a score (0-100) based on the number and strictness of 9 indicators related to restrictions, closures, and travel bans.

methodsWe used a multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear model with Poisson distribution to assess the association between stringency of pandemic control measures and access to HIV services.

resultsA total of 10,654 MSM across 20 countries were included. Thirty-eight percent (3992/10,396) reported perceived interruptions to in-person testing, 55% (5178/9335) interruptions to HIV self-testing, 56% (5171/9173) interruptions to pre-exposure prophylaxis, and 10% (990/9542) interruptions to condom access. For every 10-point increase in stringency, there was a 3% reduction in the prevalence of perceived access to in-person testing (aPR: 0·97, 95% CI: [0·96 to 0·98]), a 6% reduction in access to self-testing (aPR: 0·94, 95% CI: [0·93 to 0·95]), and a 5% reduction in access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (aPR: 0·95, 95% CI: [0·95 to 0·97]). Among those living with HIV, 20% (218/1105) were unable to access their provider; 65% (820/1254) reported being unable to refill their treatment prescription remotely.

conclusionsMore stringent responses were associated with decreased perceived access to services. These results support the need for increasing emphasis on innovative strategies in HIV-related diagnostic, prevention, and treatment services to minimize service interruptions during this and potential future waves of COVID-19 for gay men and other MSM at risk for HIV acquisition and transmission.

Indexed as

AdultCOVID-19HIV InfectionsHomosexuality, MaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPre-Exposure ProphylaxisSARS-CoV-2Self-TestingSexual and Gender MinoritiesSexual BehaviorSocial NetworkingSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID33443963
PMCPMC8276834

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.