ReviewNanoscale advances2019
Hydrophobic ion pairing: encapsulating small molecules, peptides, and proteins into nanocarriers.
Review in Nanoscale advances, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nanostructured Lipid Microparticles as Tobramycin Carriers for Pulmonary Drug Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Modulation of Donepezil Release Through Hydrophobic Ion- Pairing with Oleic Acid in Liquid Crystalline Nanodispersions for Transdermal Delivery.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Hydrophobic Ion Pairing Improves Protein Thermal Stability and Lipid Nanocarrier Integration through Controlled Surface Modification.ACS nanoscience Au · 2026Article
- Oral peptide drug delivery: design of SEDDS providing a protective effect against intestinal membrane-bound enzymes.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Liquid crystalline mesophase spacing as a quantitative predictor of release kinetics for co-loaded hydrophilic and hydrophobic payloads.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Nanomaterial-Enhanced Corneal Cross-Linking: Engineering Strategies for Transforming Keratoconus Management.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Conditional Reactivation of Lysozyme Nanosystems via Hydrophobic Ion Pairing.ACS nanoscience Au · 2026Article
- In Vitro Evaluation of Novel Nano-Sized Colloidal Assemblies Incorporating Hydrophobic Tobramycin Ion Pairs: Enhanced Cellular Uptake with Preserved Antimicrobial Activity Toward Oral Drug Delivery.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Therapeutic peptides and proteins: Status and developments in drug delivery.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026Review
- Enhanced encapsulation and membrane retention ofInternational journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Rapid Analysis of NAD and Other Phosphorylated Metabolites in Complex Biological Samples by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry.Analytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Nanoparticle Clearance and New Horizons in Engineered Drug Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Nanoparticle-mediated antagonism of sustained endosomal signaling of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor provides enhanced and persistent relief of oral cancer pain.Biomaterials · 2026Article
- Application of an intercellular adhesion molecule-1-targeted nanoparticles loaded with irisin in postoperative neurocognitive disorder through metabolic axis activation and barrier restoration.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Intracellular Fate of a Dual-Fluorescent Hydrophobic Ion Pair: Comparison of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Artificial lipidation of proteins and peptides: from mechanism to clinical applications.The FEBS journal · 2026Review
- Strategies to Improve the Lipophilicity of Hydrophilic Macromolecular Drugs.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Next-generation nanomedicine for cancer therapy: advances, challenges, and future perspectives.Frontiers in chemistry · 2026Review
- Article
- Ion-paired antibiotics in PLGA nanoparticles: improving encapsulation efficiency and musculoskeletal infection treatment.RSC advances · 2025Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hydrophobic ion pairing has emerged as a method to modulate the solubility of charged hydrophilic molecules ranging in class from small molecules to large enzymes. Charged hydrophilic molecules are ionically paired with oppositely-charged molecules that include hydrophobic moieties; the resulting uncharged complex is water-insoluble and will precipitate in aqueous media. Here we review one of the most prominent applications of hydrophobic ion pairing: efficient encapsulation of charged hydrophilic molecules into nano-scale delivery vehicles - nanoparticles or nanocarriers. Hydrophobic complexes are formed and then encapsulated using techniques developed for poorly-water-soluble therapeutics. With this approach, researchers have reported encapsulation efficiencies up to 100% and drug loadings up to 30%. This review covers the fundamentals of hydrophobic ion pairing, including nomenclature, drug eligibility for the technique, commonly-used counterions, and drug release of encapsulated ion paired complexes. We then focus on nanoformulation techniques used in concert with hydrophobic ion pairing and note strengths and weaknesses specific to each. The penultimate section bridges hydrophobic ion pairing with the related fields of polyelectrolyte coacervation and polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexation. We then discuss the state of the art and anticipated future challenges. The review ends with comprehensive tables of reported hydrophobic ion pairing and encapsulation from the literature.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.