ReviewJournal of Cancer2021
GDF15/GFRAL Pathway as a Metabolic Signature for Cachexia in Patients with Cancer.
Review in Journal of Cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cancer- and cardiac-induced cachexia: same fate through different inflammatory mediators?Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2022Pooled it
- Interplay between sarcopenia, GDF-15, and the efficacy of nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with mismatch repair deficient metastatic colorectal cancer: final survival analysis of the phase II GERCOR NIPICOL study.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Trial
- Mitokines as bioenergetic stress signals in cardiovascular disease: mitochondrial communication, endocrine adaptation, and translational implications.Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes · 2026Review
- Plasma GDF-15 Levels Are Associated With HIV Reservoir Markers Independently of Inflammation in People With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Otopetrin 1 protects against adipose tissue wasting during cancer cachexia progression.iScience · 2026Article
- The Role of GDF-15 in Heart Failure and Biomarker Potential-From Basic Science to Clinical Praxis.Biology · 2026Review
- Review
- Design of Bicyclic Peptide Tandems Mimicking the Homodimeric GDF15 Protein to Inhibit GDF15-GFRaL-RET Complex Cell Signaling.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Evaluation of GDF15 Significance as a Biomarker in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Desensitizing Effect of Intra-Tumoral GDF-15 on Immunotherapy in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Thoracic cancer · 2025Article
- Deciphering molecular crosstalk mechanisms between skeletal muscle atrophy and KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer: a literature review.Hepatobiliary surgery and nutrition · 2025Review
- The clinical utility in hospital-wide use of growth differentiation factor 15 as a biomarker for mitochondrial DNA-related disorders.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2025Article
- GPX3 supports ovarian cancer tumor progression in vivo and promotes expression of GDF15.Gynecologic oncology · 2024Article
- Fibroblasts in the Aged Pancreas Drive Pancreatic Cancer Progression.Cancer research · 2024Article
- The contribution of the nervous system in the cancer progression.BMB reports · 2024Review
- Proteomics validate circulating GDF-15 as an independent biomarker for COVID-19 severity.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Nausea, vomiting and conflict in pregnancy: The adaptive significance of Growth-Differentiation Factor 15.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2024Article
- GDF15: Immunomodulatory Role in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications.Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma · 2024Review
- Determinants of growth differentiation factor 15 plasma levels in outpatients with peripheral arterial disease.Upsala journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cachexia is a metabolic mutiny that directly reduces life expectancy in chronic conditions such as cancer. The underlying mechanisms associated with cachexia involve inflammation, metabolism, and anorexia. Therefore, the need to identify cachexia biomarkers is warranted to better understand catabolism change and assess various therapeutic interventions. Among inflammatory proteins, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15), an atypical transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily member, emerges as a stress-related hormone. In inflammatory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, GDF15 is a biomarker for disease outcome. GDF15 is also implicated in energy homeostasis, body weight regulation, and plays a distinct role in cachexia. The recent discovery of its receptor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor α-like (GFRAL), sheds light on its metabolic function. Herein, we critically review the mechanisms involving GDF15 in cancer cachexia and discuss therapeutic interventions to improve outcomes in people living with cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.