ArticleNature medicine2021
Immune determinants of COVID-19 disease presentation and severity.
Article in Nature medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 4 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 406 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Low-fielD magnEtiC Resonance Imaging of pulmonarY Parenchyma Changes Associated wiTh Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents
The Level of Usual Physical Activity and Its Impact on the Course of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients.
Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Assess Changes in Pulmonary Function Parameters in Confirmed Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Gender Differences in the Recovery Rate Following a Hybrid Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programme in Patients With Long COVID-19 Syndrome
Who cites it
406 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 690 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding how social determinants of health shape Long COVID outcomes: a rapid review of evidence.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Variants during COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Viruses · 2023Pooled it
- Genetics of COVID-19 and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- Casirivimab + imdevimab accelerates symptom resolution linked to improved COVID-19 outcomes across susceptible antibody and risk profiles.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Phase 2 Safety and Antiviral Activity of SAB-185, a Novel Polyclonal Antibody Therapy for Nonhospitalized Adults With COVID-19.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Trial
- Article
- Review
- Sex-Specific Association of Toll-like Receptor 8 Polymorphisms with COVID-19 Case Status in a Korean Population.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Observational
- Article
- Prevalence of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in High-Risk Male Patients with Severe COVID-19 Treated with High-Dose Corticosteroids: A Prospective Cohort Study Using Screening MRI-How Many Have Been Left Behind?Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in infected children and adults.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- The inflammation-immunosuppression loop as a driver of immune dysfunction and secondary infections in severe COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic profiling reveals immune signatures associated with potential COVID-19 susceptibility and a predictive framework in a Chinese cohort.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Mitochondria in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Immune interactions and molecular approaches in the Post COVID-19 condition.Genetics and molecular biology · 2026Article
- The Role of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inflammatory Lung Diseases.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Understanding the biology of mucormycosis using contemporary omics tools: a review.Biotechnologia · 2026Review
- Novel insights into diagnosis and management of hyperreactivity: a narrative review.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Review
346 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, is mild to moderate in the majority of previously healthy individuals, but can cause life-threatening disease or persistent debilitating symptoms in some cases. The most important determinant of disease severity is age, with individuals over 65 years having the greatest risk of requiring intensive care, and men are more susceptible than women. In contrast to other respiratory viral infections, young children seem to be less severely affected. It is now clear that mild to severe acute infection is not the only outcome of COVID-19, and long-lasting symptoms are also possible. In contrast to severe acute COVID-19, such 'long COVID' is seemingly more likely in women than in men. Also, postinfectious hyperinflammatory disease has been described as an additional outcome after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here I discuss our current understanding of the immunological determinants of COVID-19 disease presentation and severity and relate this to known immune-system differences between young and old people and between men and women, and other factors associated with different disease presentations and severity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.