ReviewNature reviews. Genetics2021
Enhancer redundancy in development and disease.
Review in Nature reviews. Genetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 151 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
151 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 258 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comprehensive multi-omics integration identifies differentially active enhancers during human brain development with clinical relevance.Genome medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Human-specific morphoregulatory signatures in basal radial glia characterise neocortex evolution.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Robust regulatory interplay of enhancers, facilitators, and promoters in a native chromatin context.Cell · 2026Article
- Revisiting retinal and macular degeneration in the genomics era.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Mechanisms and functional implications of long-range enhancer-dependent gene regulation.Nature genetics · 2026Review
- Lineage master regulator and cancer-selective partner transcription factors rewire 3D genome topology for tumor-specific gene control.Science advances · 2026Article
- Chromosomal inversions modulate 3D chromatin interactions and regulatory architecture inResearch square · 2026Article
- Genomic and regulatory basis of visual opsin genes in the cleaner wrasse behavior: features, expression, and enhancer mechanisms.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- The future objectives of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC): functional evaluation of human disease-relevant cis-regulatory elements in the mouse genome.Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society · 2026Article
- Analysis of 14q12 microdeletions reveals novel regulatory loci for the neurodevelopmental disorder-related gene FOXG1.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Genome architecture shapes the evolutionary origins of redundant enhancers in fly and mouse.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Functional annotation of non-coding variants identifies a novel enhancer with activity in neural crest cell-derived lineages.Research square · 2026Article
- Gene regulatory networks: from correlative models to causal explanations.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Genome-Wide Annotation of Promoter-Enhancer Interactions via Chromatin Loops in the Hybrid Rat Diversity Panel.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Temporal loss ofGenes & development · 2026Article
- MLL3/4 methyltransferases regulate the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells through coordinating glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The role of methylation in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors current insights and emerging perspectives.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Enhancer hubs govern chromatin topology and Th17 cell identity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Regulation of murine follicle-stimulating hormone β subunit transcription by newly identified enhancers.Endocrinology · 2026Article
- Mitotic reactivation and transcriptional bursting govern transcriptional noise in the early Drosophila embryo.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
91 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Shadow enhancers are seemingly redundant transcriptional cis-regulatory elements that regulate the same gene and drive overlapping expression patterns. Recent studies have shown that shadow enhancers are remarkably abundant and control most developmental gene expression in both invertebrates and vertebrates, including mammals. Shadow enhancers might provide an important mechanism for buffering gene expression against mutations in non-coding regulatory regions of genes implicated in human disease. Technological advances in genome editing and live imaging have shed light on how shadow enhancers establish precise gene expression patterns and confer phenotypic robustness. Shadow enhancers can interact in complex ways and may also help to drive the formation of transcriptional hubs within the nucleus. Despite their apparent redundancy, the prevalence and evolutionary conservation of shadow enhancers underscore their key role in emerging metazoan gene regulatory networks.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.