ArticleScientific reports2021
The impact of smoking different tobacco types on the subgingival microbiome and periodontal health: a pilot study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 38 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Age-Related Differences in Oral Microbiota Among Obese Patients with Periodontitis: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Risk factors for chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2025Pooled it
- The waterpipe smoking and human health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 191 observational studies.Systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Do smokers have a different gingival crevicular fluid cytokine/chemokine profile than nonsmokers in clinically healthy periodontal sites? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical oral investigations · 2022Pooled it
- Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm-Forming Capacity of Oral Biofilm Bacteria in Patients With Periodontitis and Healthy Individuals.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Characteristics of the Health-Associated Oral Microbiome in Young Nonhuman Primates.Molecular oral microbiology · 2026Article
- Periodontal and Peri-Implant Status Among Users of Different Inhaled Tobacco and Nicotine Products: A Systematic Review.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- The Effects of Smoking on Respiratory Microbiota Diversity and Composition: A Systematic Review with Exploratory Meta-Analysis.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- A Narrative Review on the Impact of ENDS Use on Clinical, Inflammatory and Microbiological Periodontal-Related Parameters.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- Influence of heat-non-burn tobacco aerosol on the microbiome of biofilm from human whole saliva bacteria in vitro.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Impact of Little Cigar Use on the Oral Bacterial Microbiota of Cigarette Smokers.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Supragingival dental biofilm microbiomes of tobacco heating system smokers, cigarette smokers and non-smokers.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Indicates Persistent Subgingival Dysbiosis After Periodontal Therapy.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2026Article
- The Burden and Projections for 2036 of Periodontal Diseases in Asia From 1990 to 2021.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Oral Microbiome in Indian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Periodontitis Cohorts.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Taxonomic and functional signatures of smoking and periodontitis severity in the subgingival microbiome of older adults.npj aging · 2025Article
- Selected Population-based Oral Health Assessment Following Usage of E-Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2025Article
- Integrative insights into the oral microbiome's role in systemic diseases: novel therapeutic strategies and future directions.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2025Review
- Single-cell spatial atlas of smoking-induced changes in human gingival tissues.International journal of oral science · 2025Article
- Influence of nitrate-containing arugula juice on nitrate-reducing oral bacteria and periodontopathogens in smokers' biofilm.Frontiers in dental medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Smoking is a risk factor for periodontal disease, and a cause of oral microbiome dysbiosis. While this has been evaluated for traditional cigarette smoking, there is limited research on the effect of other tobacco types on the oral microbiome. This study investigates subgingival microbiome composition in smokers of different tobacco types and their effect on periodontal health. Subgingival plaques were collected from 40 individuals, including smokers of either cigarettes, medwakh, or shisha, and non-smokers seeking dental treatment at the University Dental Hospital in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. The entire (~ 1500 bp) 16S rRNA bacterial gene was fully amplified and sequenced using Oxford Nanopore technology. Subjects were compared for the relative abundance and diversity of subgingival microbiota, considering smoking and periodontal condition. The relative abundances of several pathogens were significantly higher among smokers, such as Prevotella denticola and Treponema sp. OMZ 838 in medwakh smokers, Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella dispar in cigarette smokers, Streptococcus sanguinis and Tannerella forsythia in shisha smokers. Subgingival microbiome of smokers was altered even in subjects with no or mild periodontitis, probably making them more prone to severe periodontal diseases. Microbiome profiling can be a useful tool for periodontal risk assessment. Further studies are recommended to investigate the impact of tobacco cessation on periodontal disease progression and oral microbiome.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.