ArticleBMC psychiatry2021
Test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the test of nonverbal intelligence-fourth edition in patients with schizophrenia.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
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- Turkish adaptation of the CTONI-2: psychometric properties and student performance profiles.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Cannabidiol blood metabolite levels after cannabidiol treatment are associated with broadband EEG changes and improvements in visuomotor and non-verbal cognitive abilities in boys with autism requiring higher levels of support.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Psychometric Properties of the Social Attribution Task and Its Relationship With Cognitive Functions.Psychiatry investigation · 2025Article
- The role of ferroptosis and oxidative stress in cognitive deficits among chronic schizophrenia patients: a multicenter investigation.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia Knowledge Scale (BPSD-T): A Psychometric Evaluation Among Caregivers.Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- The association between satisfaction with life and anxiety symptoms among Chinese elderly: a moderated mediation analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
- Verbal and visual learning ability in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A 1-year follow-up study.Schizophrenia research. Cognition · 2023Article
- The effect of classroom environment on literacy development.NPJ science of learning · 2023Article
- Life Satisfaction Prevents Decline in Working Memory, Spatial Cognition, and Processing Speed: Latent Change Score Analyses Across 23 Years.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2022Article
- Sex Differences in Obesity and Cognitive Function in Chinese Elderly Patients With Chronic Schizophrenia.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Practice Effects, Test-Retest Reliability, and Minimal Detectable Change of the Ruff 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test in Patients with Schizophrenia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFluid intelligence deficits affect executive functioning and social behaviors in patients with schizophrenia. To help clinicians manage fluid intelligence deficits, a psychometrically sound measure is needed. The purposes of this study were to examine the test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-Fourth Edition (TONI-4) assessing fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia.
methodsA total of 103 patients with stable condition were assessed with the TONI-4 twice with a 4-week interval to examine the test-retest reliability. We further used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Tablet-Based Symbol Digit Modalities Test (T-SDMT) to examine the convergent validity of the TONI-4.
resultsThe intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.73 for the TONI-4. The percentages of standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change for the TONI-4 were 5.1 and 14.2%, respectively. The practice effect of the TONI-4 was small (Cohen's d = - 0.03). Convergent validity showed small to moderate significant correlations between the TONI-4 and the MoCA as well as the T-SDMT (r = 0.35, p = .011 with the T-SDMT and r = 0.61, p < .001 with the MoCA). The results demonstrated that the TONI-4 had good test-retest reliability, limited random measurement error, and a trivial practice effect. The convergent validity of the TONI-4 was good.
conclusionsThese findings indicate that the TONI-4 has potential to be a reliable and valid assessment of fluid intelligence in patients with schizophrenia.
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