Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33438200›Full record

ArticleJournal of food science2021

Survey of Salmonella in raw tree nuts at retail in the United States.

Guodong Zhang, Lijun Hu, Yan Luo, Sofia M Santillana Farakos, Rhoma Johnson, Virginia N Scott, Phillip Curry, David Melka, Eric W Brown, Errol Strain and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of food science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Guodong ZhangCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-7435
Lijun HuCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3689-8222
Yan LuoCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.
Sofia M Santillana FarakosCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.
Rhoma JohnsonCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.
Virginia N ScottCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.
Phillip CurryCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.
David MelkaCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.
Eric W BrownCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.
Errol StrainCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.
Vincent K BunningCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.
Steven M MusserCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.
Thomas S HammackCenter for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Dr., College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The objective of this survey was to estimate the prevalence, contamination level, and genetic diversity of Salmonella in selected raw, shelled tree nuts (Brazil nuts, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios, and walnuts) at retail markets in the United States. A total of 3,374 samples of eight tree nuts were collected from different types of retail stores and markets nationwide between September 2015 and March 2017. These samples (375 g) were analyzed using a modified FDA's BAM Salmonella culture method. Of the 3,374 samples, 15 (0.44%) (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.25, 0.73]) were culturally confirmed as containing Salmonella; 17 isolates were obtained. Among these isolates, there were 11 serotypes. Salmonella was not detected in Brazil nuts (296), hazelnuts (487), pecans (510), pine nuts (500), and walnuts (498). Salmonella prevalence estimates in cashews (510), macadamia (278), and pistachios (295) were 0.20% (95% CI [<0.01, 1.09]), 2.52% (95% CI [1.02, 5.12]), and 2.37% (95% CI [0.96, 4.83]), respectively. The rates of Salmonella isolation from major/big-chain supermarkets (1381), small-chain supermarkets (328), discount/variety/drug stores (1329), and online (336) were 0.29% (95% CI [0.08, 0.74]), 0.30% (95% CI [0.01, 1.69]), 0.45% (95% CI [0.17, 0.98]), and 1.19% (95% CI [0.33, 3.02]), respectively. Salmonella prevalence in organic (530) and conventional (2,844) nuts was not different statistically (P = 0.0601). Of the enumerated samples (15), 80% had Salmonella levels ≤0.0092 most probable number (MPN)/g. The highest contamination level observed was 0.75 MPN/g. The prevalence and contamination levels of Salmonella in the tree nuts analyzed were generally comparable to previous reports. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, serotype, and sequencing data all demonstrated that Salmonella population in nuts is very diverse genetically. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The prevalence, contamination level, and genetic diversity of Salmonella in eight types of tree nuts (3,374 samples collected nationwide) revealed in this survey could help the development of mitigation strategies to reduce public health risks associated with consumption of these nuts.

Indexed as

Food MicrobiologyAnacardiumCaryaCorylusElectrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-FieldHumansJuglansMacadamiaNutsPistaciaPrevalenceSalmonellaUnited Statesdiversitylow moisturelow water activitynutsSalmonellaserotypeWGS

Identifiers

PMID33438200
PMCPMC7898309

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.