Trial reportThe Journal of nutrition2021
The Breath Carbon Isotope Ratio Reflects Short-term Added-Sugar Intake in a Dose-Response, Crossover Feeding Study of 12 Healthy Adults.
Trial report in The Journal of nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ketogenic diet but not free-sugar restriction alters glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, peripheral tissue phenotype, and gut microbiome: RCT.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Trial
- Carbon Isotope Ratios of Plasma and RBC Fatty Acids Identify Meat Consumers in a 12-Week Inpatient Feeding Study of 32 Men.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- A bedside-to-outside model of human nutrition research.Cell metabolism · 2026Review
- Free Sugars Consumption and Type 2 Diabetes: What Are the Concerns and How Strong is the Evidence?Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Urine Stable Isotope Ratios Are Associated with Proportional Intakes of Animal Protein and Added Sugars in a 15-Day Controlled Feeding Study.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Carbon stable isotope values in hair are associated with added sugar intake in adults but not young children: a cross-sectional study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Observational
- Reply to JCY Louie.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Article
- The Carbon Isotope Ratio as an Objective Biomarker of Added Sugar Intake: A Scoping Review of Current Evidence in Human Nutrition.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Article
- The carbon isotope ratio of breath is elevated by short-term and long-term added sugar and animal protein intake in a controlled feeding study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Article
- Breath Tests Used in the Context of Bariatric Surgery.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Breath Stable Isotope Analysis Serves as a Non-invasive Analytical Tool to Demonstrate Dietary Changes in Adolescent Students Over Time.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundObjective dietary biomarkers are urgently needed for a wider range of foods and nutrients. The breath carbon isotope ratio (CIR; measured as δ13C values) has potential as a noninvasive measure of short-term added sugar (AS) intake but has not been evaluated in a controlled-feeding study.
objectiveThe aim was to evaluate the effect of short-term AS intake on breath CIR in a dose-response, randomized, crossover feeding study.
methodsSix men and 6 women, aged 25 to 60 y, were randomly assigned to a balanced sequence of 5 dietary treatments. Three treatments delivered low (0 g/d), medium (75 g/d), or high (150 g/d) amounts of AS over the course of a single day's breakfast and lunch and 2 switched high and low intake amounts between breakfast and lunch. Experimental meals delivered 60% of daily energy and added-sugar targets. There was a washout period of 1-2 wk between treatments. Breath was collected at 2-h intervals from 08:00 (fasting) to 16:00 h. Breath CIR was measured using cavity ring-down spectroscopy, and the effects of dietary treatments and baseline were evaluated using multivariate linear regression.
resultsBreath CIR showed a significant response to increasing AS intake at all sampling time points (all P < 0.0001), with a dose-response of 0.030 (95% CI: 0.024, 0.037) ‰/g. Fasting breath CIR (baseline) influenced postfeeding breath CIR at all sampling time points (P < 0.0001); however, effect sizes were largest in the morning. For afternoon-collected samples (14:00 and 16:00), the effect of recent AS intake (lunch) was 4-fold greater than the effect of previous added-sugar intake (breakfast).
conclusionsThese findings support the potential of the breath CIR as a biomarker of short-term AS intake in healthy US adults. More work is needed to evaluate other potential dietary effects and whether multiple breath collections could capture daily AS intake.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.