ArticleJournal of ginseng research2021
Ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 inhibit transforming growth factor-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppress migration, invasion, anoikis resistance, and development of stem-like features in lung cancer.
Article in Journal of ginseng research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanotechnology-enabled precision targeting of lung cancer stem cells: Recent developments and therapeutic implications.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Review
- The roles of ginseng and ginsenosides for immune regulation: Relation to immunometabolic responses.Journal of ginseng research · 2026Review
- Primary cilia connect epithelial mesenchymal plasticity with anoikis resistance and cancer stemness.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- The rise of dehydrated ginsenosides: phytochemistry and pharmacology.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- Bioactive Constituents of Ginseng in Cancer Therapy: Molecular Mechanisms, Translational Potential, and Advanced Delivery Strategies.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Abrine targets ERK to suppress EMT and lung metastasis model via MAPKs and Nrf2/Keap-1/HO-1 signaling.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation-based approach to explore the mechanism of action of ginsenoside Rh4 on acute myeloid leukemia cells.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Article
- Immunomodulatory Activities of Emerging Rare Ginsenosides F1, Rg5, Rk1, Rh1, and Rg2: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Applications.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Ginsenoside Rg5 enhances Abemaciclib sensitivity in ER+ breast cancer by modulating cell cycle proteins via transcriptional and post-translational levels.Journal of ginseng research · 2025Article
- BUB1-based risk model predicts prostate cancer prognosis and reveals therapeutic vulnerabilities.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Metabolic reprogramming and signaling adaptations in anoikis resistance: mechanisms and therapeutic targets.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- Identification and validation of a novel prognostic model based on anoikis‑related genes in acute myeloid leukemia.Oncology letters · 2025Article
- Knockdown of Anoikis-Associated Gene OCIAD2 Reduces Proliferation and Migration of Glioblastoma Cell Lines.Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening · 2025Article
- Identification of anoikis-related long non-coding RNA signature as a novel prognostic model in lung adenocarcinoma.Translational cancer research · 2024Article
- Effect of ginseng and ginsenosides on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review.Journal of ginseng research · 2024Review
- Recent trends in ginseng research.Journal of natural medicines · 2024Review
- Ginseng-derived compounds as potential anticancer agents targeting cancer stem cells.Journal of ginseng research · 2024Review
- Ginsenoside Rg5 as an anticancer drug: a comprehensive review on mechanisms, structure-activity relationship, and prospects for clinical advancement.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2024Review
- Ginseng and ginsenosides on cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases; Pharmacological potentials for the coronavirus (COVID-19).Journal of ginseng research · 2024Review
- Anoikis related genes may be novel markers associated with prognosis for ovarian cancer.Scientific reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLung cancer has a high incidence worldwide, and most lung cancer-associated deaths are attributable to cancer metastasis. Although several medicinal properties of
methodsWe treated TGF-β1 or alternatively Rk1 and Rg5 in A549 cells. We used western blot analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), wound healing assay, Matrigel invasion assay, and anoikis assays to determine the effect of Rk1 and Rg5 on TGF-mediated EMT in lung cancer cell. In addition, we performed tumorsphere formation assays and real-time PCR to evaluate the stem-like properties.
resultsEMT is induced by TGF-β1 in A549 cells causing the development of cancer stem-like features. Expression of E-cadherin, an epithelial marker, decreased and an increase in vimentin expression was noted. Cell mobility, invasiveness, and anoikis resistance were enhanced with TGF-β1 treatment. In addition, the expression of stem cell markers, CD44, and CD133, was also increased. Treatment with Rk1 and Rg5 suppressed EMT by TGF-β1 and the development of stemness in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, Rk1 and Rg5 markedly suppressed TGF-β1-induced metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP2/9) activity, and activation of Smad2/3 and nuclear factor kappa B/extra-cellular signal regulated kinases (NF-kB/ERK) pathways in lung cancer cells.
conclusionsRk1 and Rg5 regulate the EMT inducing TGF-β1 by suppressing the Smad and NF-κB/ERK pathways (non-Smad pathway).
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.