ArticleScientific reports2021
The association of Coronavirus Disease-19 mortality and prior bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination: a robust ecological analysis using unsupervised machine learning.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effectiveness of Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination policies in reducing infection and mortality of COVID-19: a systematic review.Global health research and policy · 2022Pooled it
- Multiple BCG vaccinations for the prevention of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in type 1 diabetes.Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Trial
- Review
- Common cold viruses circulating in children threaten wild chimpanzees through asymptomatic adult carriers.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A Systematic Review on Deep Structured Learning for COVID-19 Screening Using Chest CT from 2020 to 2022.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa: The significance of presumed immune sufficiency.African journal of laboratory medicine · 2023Review
- BCG vaccination at birth and COVID-19: a case-control study among U.S. military Veterans.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Article
- BCG Vaccination: A potential tool against COVID-19 and COVID-19-like Black Swan incidents.International immunopharmacology · 2022Review
- Potential of Microneedle Systems for COVID-19 Vaccination: Current Trends and Challenges.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Article
- Why Does the Severity of COVID-19 Differ With Age?: Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying the Age Gradient in Outcome Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2022Review
- The Natural Effect of BCG Vaccination on COVID-19: The Debate Continues.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Cluster-based analysis of COVID-19 cases using self-organizing map neural network and K-means methods to improve medical decision-making.Informatics in medicine unlocked · 2022Article
- Spurious early ecological association suggesting BCG vaccination effectiveness for COVID-19.PloS one · 2022Article
- Effect of BCG on Respiratory Complications Caused by COVID-19: A Scoping Review.International journal of general medicine · 2022Article
- Country-level factors dynamics and ABO/Rh blood groups contribution to COVID-19 mortality.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- COVID-19 and Beyond: Exploring Public Health Benefits from Non-Specific Effects of BCG Vaccination.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- COVID-19 Severity and Neonatal BCG Vaccination among Young Population in Taiwan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Reconcile the debate over protective effects of BCG vaccine against COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Large-Scale Structure-Based Screening of Potential T Cell Cross-Reactivities Involving Peptide-Targets From BCG Vaccine and SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Population-level data have suggested that bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination may lessen the severity of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) prompting clinical trials in this area. Some reports have demonstrated conflicting results. We performed a robust, ecologic analysis comparing COVID-19 related mortality (CRM) between strictly selected countries based on BCG vaccination program status utilizing publicly available databases and machine learning methods to define the association between active BCG vaccination programs and CRM. Validation was performed using linear regression and country-specific modeling. CRM was lower for the majority of countries with a BCG vaccination policy for at least the preceding 15 years (BCG15). CRM increased significantly for each increase in the percent population over age 65. A higher total population of a country and BCG15 were significantly associated with improved CRM. There was a consistent association between countries with a BCG vaccination for the preceding 15 years, but not other vaccination programs, and CRM. BCG vaccination programs continued to be associated with decreased CRM even for populations < 40 years old where CRM events are less frequent.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.