ArticleScientific reports2021
Centrifugation does not remove bacteria from the fat fraction of human milk.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 13 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Pasteurization and Storage on the Microbiological Composition and Lipid Degradation of Human Milk Cream.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Accessing the DNA in Breast Tissue: Adhesive Cell Capture from Flow onto Fibers of Cellulose Papers.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Article
- The influence of breast milk microbiota from HIV-infected women on infant gut microbiota colonization within the first two weeks of life.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2026Article
- Microbiome Profiling of Pretreated Human Breast Milk Using Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Article
- The Association Between Maternal Diet and the Human Milk Microbiome: A Review of Evidence and Methodological Challenges.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- The impact of breastfeeding on the preterm infant's microbiome and metabolome: a pilot study.Pediatric research · 2025Observational
- Optimizing sample preparation for culture-free nanopore sequencing to enable rapid pathogen and antimicrobial resistance profiling in bovine mastitis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Seeding and feeding milestones: the role of human milk microbes and oligosaccharides in the temporal development of infant gut microbiota.Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England) · 2024Article
- Analysis of microbial composition and sharing in low-biomass human milk samples: a comparison of DNA isolation and sequencing techniques.ISME communications · 2023Article
- Shiga Toxin-ProducingMicroorganisms · 2022Review
- Current Methods for Extraction and Concentration of Foodborne Bacteria with Glycan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Review.Biosensors · 2022Review
- Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Analysis of the human milk microbiome is complicated by the presence of a variable quantity of fat. The fat fraction of human milk is typically discarded prior to analysis. It is assumed that all cells are pelleted out of human milk by high speed centrifugation; however, studies of bovine milk have reported that bacteria may remain trapped within the fat fraction. Here, the bacterial DNA profiles of the fat fraction and cell pellet of human milk (n = 10) were analysed. Human and bacterial DNA was consistently recovered from the fat fraction of human milk (average of 12.4% and 32.7%, respectively). Staphylococcus epidermidis was significantly more abundant in the cell pellet compared to the fat fraction (P = 0.038), and three low-abundance species (< 5% relative abundance) were recovered from one fraction only. However, inclusion of fat reduced the efficiency of DNA extraction by 39%. Culture-based methods were used to quantify the distribution of an exogenously added strain of Staphylococcus aureus in human milk fractions. S. aureus was consistently recovered from the fat fraction (average 28.9%). Bacterial DNA profiles generated from skim milk or cell pellets are not representative of the entire human milk microbiome. These data have critical implications for the design of future work in this field.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.