Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33436042›Full record

SynthesisJournal of hematology & oncology2021

The integration of immune checkpoint inhibitors with VEGF targeted agents in advanced gastric and gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: a review on the rationale and results of early phase trials.

Anwaar Saeed, Robin Park, Weijing Sun

Open access · goldAbstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of hematology & oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
62citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
13.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

62 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.

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  9. Synergistic mechanisms and clinical translation of regorafenib combination therapies.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026
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2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Anwaar SaeedDivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 2330 Shawnee Mission Pkwy, Suite 210, Westwood, Kansas City, KS, 66205, USA. asaeed@kumc.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-8024-9401
Robin ParkMetroWest Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA, USA.
Weijing SunDivision of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 2330 Shawnee Mission Pkwy, Suite 210, Westwood, Kansas City, KS, 66205, USA.
Shawnee Mission Medical Center · USTufts University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Several targeted therapies have shown efficacy in patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC) and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GEJC), including anti-angiogenic agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Ramucirumab, an anti-VEGFR2 antibody, has shown efficacy in GC, but the benefits are limited, in part due to MET-mediated resistance. Other VEGF targeted agents like VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with broad multi-kinase inhibitory spectrum like regorafenib and cabozantinib have also shown modest single agent activity in early phase trials. For immune checkpoint inhibitors, pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) monotherapy confers survival advantage as 3rd line therapy for the PD-L1 expressing GC and GEJC population and has been approved for use in this setting. Extensive tumor microenvironment immune modulatory effects from antiangiogenic agents have been demonstrated from preclinical data which support the clinical study rationale of dual blockade of VEGF and immune checkpoint. In addition, FDA has approved combinations of anti-VEGF/VEGFR with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents in hepatocellular carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma. Promising clinical activity has been demonstrated in patients with refractory GC/GEJC when treated with dual blockade combination with antiangiogenic agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors like PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in several phase I/II trials. This review highlights the trials investigating these novel combinations as well as their preclinical rationale.

Indexed as

AdenocarcinomaAngiogenesis InhibitorsAnimalsDisease ProgressionEsophageal NeoplasmsHumansImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsMolecular Targeted TherapyStomach NeoplasmsTumor MicroenvironmentVascular Endothelial Growth Factor AAngiogenesis InhibitorsImmune Checkpoint InhibitorsVascular Endothelial Growth Factor AAngiogenesisCombination therapyCytotoxic lymphocyte antigen-4Esophageal cancerGastric cancerGastroesophageal cancerImmune checkpoint inhibitorProgrammed death-1Programmed death ligand-1Vascular endothelial growth factor

Identifiers

PMID33436042
PMCPMC7802258
OpenAlexW3119428855

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.