ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2021
Immunological Mechanisms for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk after Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Efficacy and Long-Term Outcomes of Direct-Acting Antivirals in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Gut and liver · 2026Pooled it
- Molecular Pathophysiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Metabolic Inflammation to Therapeutic Targets.Cancers · 2026Review
- Macrophages in oncoviral infections: from immune regulators to therapeutic targets.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Review
- Regulation of immune tolerance in hepatocellular carcinoma by liver diseases: a review.Infectious agents and cancer · 2026Review
- Clinical implications of residual changes following HCV clearance: Editorial on "Distinct inflammatory imprint in non-cirrhotic and cirrhotic patients before and after direct-acting antiviral therapy".Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2026Article
- Hepatitis C Eradication Improves Oncologic and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Treated With Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2025Article
- The Malignant Transformation of Viral Hepatitis to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Mechanisms and Interventions.MedComm · 2025Review
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C and Liver Cirrhosis Treated with DAA: A Focused Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidences and Risk Factors in Hepatitis C Patients: Interferon versus Direct-Acting Agents.Viruses · 2024Article
- Direct-acting Antiviral-induced Transient Recovery of NK Cells in Early-stage Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Patients.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2022Article
- HCV inhibits M2a, M2b and M2c macrophage polarization via HCV core protein engagement with Toll-like receptor 2.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2022Article
- Crosstalk between tumor-associated macrophages and neighboring cells in hepatocellular carcinoma.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2022Review
- Virus-Induced Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Progress and Future Challenges.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Potential of antiviral drug oseltamivir for the treatment of liver cancer.International journal of oncology · 2021Article
- Targeting Enclysis in Liver Autoimmunity, Transplantation, Viral Infection and Cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) that allow for rapid clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) may evoke immunological changes. Some cases of rapid de novo hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development or early recurrence of HCC after DAA treatment have been reported. During chronic HCV infection, natural killer (NK) cells exhibited a deviant functional phenotype with decreased production of antiviral cytokines and increased cytotoxicity; however, DAA treatment rapidly decreased their cytotoxic function. Effective DAA therapy also suppressed the intrahepatic activation of macrophages/monocytes. This was followed by a decrease in mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell cytotoxicity without normalization of cytokine production. Rapid changes in the phenotypes of NK and MAIT cells after DAA treatment may attenuate the cytotoxicity of these cells against cancer cells. Moreover, DAA treatment did not normalize the increased frequencies of regulatory T cells even after clearance of HCV infection. Thus, the persistently increased frequency of regulatory T cells may contribute to a local immunosuppressive milieu and hamper the clearance of cancer cells. This review will focus on recent studies describing the changes in innate and adaptive immune responses after DAA treatment in patients with chronic HCV infection in the context of de novo occurrence or recurrence of HCC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.