ArticleResearch on child and adolescent psychopathology2021
Emotional and Behavioral Trajectories of 2 to 9 Years Old Children Born to Opioid-Dependent Mothers.
Article in Research on child and adolescent psychopathology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prenatal opioid exposure, and health, social and educational outcomes for school-aged children: A systematic review.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Mothering from the Inside Out: Results of a community-based randomized efficacy trial testing a mentalization-based parenting intervention for mothers with addictions.Infant mental health journal · 2023Trial
- Anxiety, Depression, and Emotional Dysregulation Following Prenatal Substance Exposure.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Neurodevelopmental challenges at age four following fetal exposure to maternal opioid maintenance treatment.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Early parent-child interaction and home environments of children exposed prenatally to opioids: A comparison of biological mothers and out-of-home caregivers.Infant mental health journal · 2025Article
- Prenatal methadone exposure produces functional and molecular alterations in the basolateral amygdala and decreased voluntary ethanol intake in female, but not male offspring.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- DTI of Opioid-Exposed Fetuses Using ComBat Harmonization: A Bi-Institutional Study.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2023Article
- Effect of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Treatment Status and Maternal Depressive Symptomatology on Maternal Reports of Infant Behaviors.Journal of pediatric psychology · 2023Article
- MRI Findings in Third-Trimester Opioid-Exposed Fetuses, With Focus on Brain Measurements: A Prospective Multicenter Case-Control Study.AJR. American journal of roentgenology · 2023Article
- Prenatal exposure to opioids and neurodevelopment in infancy and childhood: A systematic review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Review
- Early emotional caregiving environment and associations with memory performance and hippocampal volume in adolescents with prenatal drug exposure.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2023Article
- The placenta as a target of opioid drugs†.Biology of reproduction · 2022Review
- Preschool Language Development of Children Born to Women with an Opioid Use Disorder.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Shadows of Dependence: Temperament and Behavioural Changes among Children of Fathers with Opioid Dependence.Nigerian medical journal : journal of the Nigeria Medical AssociationReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Maternal opioid use in pregnancy has increased dramatically. Knowledge about children's longer-term emotional and behavioral development after prenatal opioid exposure is scarce. A regional sample of 89 opioid-exposed and 104 non-exposed comparison children were studied prospectively at ages 2, 4.5, and 9 years using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) completed by primary caregivers. Across all childhood assessments, opioid-exposed children obtained significantly higher total difficulties scores than non-exposed comparison children. Growth curve modeling revealed that, relative to their same age peers, opioid-exposed children's emotional and behavioral difficulties significantly worsened over time. Moreover, fixed effects estimates showed that total difficulties trajectories were poorer for children subject to higher prenatal risk (Est = 1.78, 95% CI = [0.46, 3.09]) who were born to mothers with high levels of social adversity (1.11 [0.51, 1.71]), and were then raised in families characterized by high levels of psychosocial risk (1.94 [0.90, 2.98]) and unstable caregiving (1.91 [0.33, 3.48]). A complex set of pre- and postnatal processes contribute to opioid-exposed children's emotional and behavioral development. Efforts to mitigate the long-term consequences of opioid use in pregnancy need to consider both children's and their caregivers' biopsychosocial risks.
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