ReviewJournal of the National Cancer Institute2021
Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy for High-Risk, Resectable Malignancies: Scientific Rationale and Clinical Challenges.
Review in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bibliometric insight into neoadjuvant immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: trends, collaborations, and future avenues.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Polygenic risk score for ulcerative colitis predicts immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated colitis.Nature communications · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review of neoadjuvant and definitive immunotherapy in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Cancer medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Cardiac immunity and heart repair: Mechanism, challenge, and future direction.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Review
- Article
- Current Status of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Mismatch Repair Deficient Colorectal Cancer.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Neoadjuvant Therapy-Induced Remodeling in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Multimodal Spatial Analysis and Prognosis.Cancer science · 2026Article
- Perioperative immunotherapy for advanced resectable melanoma: a cost-effectiveness analysis.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Review
- Reshaping the immunosuppressive glioma microenvironment: mechanisms, biomarkers, and emerging immunotherapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Risk and Management of Bowel Obstruction in Colorectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Immunotherapy: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Article
- Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy followed by radical radiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer: efficacy and safety.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Perioperative immunotherapy in gastric cancer in the spotlight.World journal of clinical oncology · 2025Review
- AI-based neoadjuvant immunotherapy response prediction across pan-cancer: a comprehensive review.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
- Perioperative camrelizumab and apatinib combined with chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer in China: three-year survival outcomes of phase 2 randomized controlled trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Curative intent therapy of stage I-III non-small cell lung cancer: a patient-centered precision approach to assess, measure, and interpret benefits and harms.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- PD-L1 Inhibitor Cosibelimab for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Comprehensive Evaluation of Efficacy, Mechanism, and Clinical Trial Insights.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Microbiota-indole-3-propionic acid-heart axis mediates the protection of leflunomide against αPD1-induced cardiotoxicity in mice.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neoadjuvant immunotherapy involves administering immune checkpoint inhibitors before surgical resection in high-risk resectable disease. This strategy was shown to have a high pathological response rate and prolonged relapse-free survival in randomized trials in melanoma, glioblastoma, and colon cancer with small numbers of patients. In resectable cancers, immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD1) and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) can enhance antitumor immunity by activating antigen-specific T cells found in the primary tumor. These tumor-reactive T cells continue to exert antitumor effects on remaining neoplastic cells after the resection of the primary tumor, potentially preventing relapses from occurring. Based on the scientific rationale and early clinical observations with surrogate survival endpoints, neoadjuvant immunotherapy may provide an effective alternative to other therapeutic strategies such as adjuvant treatment. However, this can be determined only by conducting randomized controlled trials comparing neoadjuvant immunotherapy with the current standard of care for each tumor site. This review discusses the cellular mechanisms that occur during successful neoadjuvant immunotherapy and highlights the clinical data from the available human studies that support the preclinical mechanistic data. Here we also discuss strategies required for successful neoadjuvant immunotherapy, including combination treatment strategies and resistance mechanisms to neoadjuvant treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.